Create user linux and home directory

15 useradd command examples in Linux [Cheat Sheet]

We all know that we can have multiple users in the Linux systems. But, do you know how to add a new user in the Linux system?

useradd is a simple command-line tool in Linux for adding a new user to the system. useradd is a symbolic link to adduser command. Both the commands have similar functions. System administrators can use this command to manage users in the system.

Different examples to use useradd command

Only root users or users having sudo permissions can execute the useradd command. When the useradd command is successfully executed, it does the following things:

1. Adds details of a new user to files such as /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, /etc/group and /etc/gshadow.
2. Creates a new directory for a new user in the /home.

In this tutorial, you will find the different examples to create a new user in the Linux system by using useradd command.

1. Create a new user using useradd command

This is the most basic command to create a new user in the Linux system. It only requires the name of a user. The name of a new user must be unique from other users in the system.

Sample Output:

You can check the details of a new user added in /etc/passwd file using grep command. In the above output, you can see the details of a new user elliot. The details include the following things:

• Username: The username should be between 1-32 characters. It is also the login name for the user.
• Password: The user password is stored in encrypted format (x) in /etc/shadow file.
• User ID: Every user has a unique User Identification Number. 1243 is user ID of elliot.
• Group ID: It shows the primary group ID of a user. The group IDs are stored in /etc/group file. In our case, 1245 is the primary group ID of elliot.
• User detail: In between two colons, the comment or detail added for a new user will be displayed if any.
• Directory path: The path for the new user’s directory is displayed. The default location is the home directory.

2. useradd command to add a new user and user’s directory in home directory

In most Linux systems, the user’s directory is not created in the home directory. You can use -m option to force the useradd command to create the user’s directory in /home.

Sample Output:

As you can see in the above output, the directory for user rohan is created but the previously added user elliot has no directory.

3. useradd command to create a new user without directory

In some Linux distributions, useradd command creates a new user and its directory in the home directory. If you do not need the user’s directory, use -M option so the useradd command only creates a new user.

Sample Output:

4. useradd command to create a new user with custom home directory

You can use -d option to create user’s directory in another location instead of the home directory. That directory must be present in the system.

$ sudo useradd -d /directory_name/user_name user_name

Sample Output:

5. Create a new user with specific user ID with useradd command

In the Linux systems, every user has unique user name and user ID. By default, useradd command assigns the next available user ID to a new user. -u or —uid option allows you to create a new user with specific user ID.

$ sudo useradd -u user_ID user_name

Sample Output:

6. Create a new user with specific group name with useradd command

This command allows you to assign the different group name to a new user. Usually, useradd command provides the same group name as username and the same group ID as the user ID. -g option allows you to assign different group name to a new user. The group name must be already present in the system.

You can check group name of user using id -gn user_name command.

$ sudo useradd -g group_name user_name

Sample Output:

The above output shows the user eliza has group linux but the previously added user harry has group harry.

You can also create a new user by using specific group ID instead of group name with useradd command.

$ sudo useradd -g group_ID user_name

Sample Output:

7. Create a new user and assign multiple groups using useradd command

In Linux systems, there are two types of group: Primary group and Secondary group. Every user can associate to only one primary group. But they can associate to none or multiple secondary groups.

-G option specifies the secondary groups to a new user.

$ sudo useradd -G secondary_group1,secondary_group2

Sample Output:

In the above output, sam is the primary group, and student and computer are the secondary groups.

8. useradd command to add a new user with an expiry date

By default, useradd command does not set the expiry date of a user. -e option allows you to specify the expiry date for a new user. System administrators can use this command to create temporary accounts in the system. The user expiry date can be viewed by using chage -l command.

The date must be provided in YYYY-MM-DD format.

$ sudo useradd -e YYYY-MM-DD user_name

Sample Output:

9. Create a new user with comment using useradd command

This command allows you to create a new user with a brief comment. You can add any comment using -c option. This is a useful command to store a short information about the user.

$ sudo useradd -c "comment" user_name

Sample Output:

10. useradd command to create “system user”

Generally, system users are created during the installation of OS and new packages. You can create a new system user using -r option with useradd . The ID of system users and groups ranges from 100-999.

Sample Output:

11. Create a new user with custom login shell using useradd command

The default login shell is /bin/sh or bin/bash in most of the Linux distributions. -s option allows you to set the specific login shell for a new user.

Sample Output:

12. Declare default values for useradd command

You can view the default useradd values using -D option. It also allows you to edit the values. These values are stored in /etc/default/useradd. To edit the default login shell, you can use:

$ sudo useradd -D -s new_shell

Sample Output:

The default login shell of useradd is changed.

13. useradd command to create a new user with an unencrypted password

-p option allows you to specify an unencrypted password for a new user. You can check the password stored in /etc/shadow file. You will need root permission to access the file.

$ sudo useradd -p password user_name

Sample Output:

14. useradd command to create a new user with duplicate user ID

Generally, every user has a different user ID but -o option allows you to create a new user with duplicate user ID.

$ sudo useradd -o -u user_ID user_name

Sample Output:

In the above output, both users elliot and lucy have same user ID.

15. Disable account once password expires after n number of inactive days

You can create a new user by defining a time period after which the user account will be disabled if there is no activity from that user assuming the password of the user has expired. Use —inactive or -f to define the period after which account will be disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature.

$ sudo useradd --inactive NUM user_name

Conclusion

This article presents the most used useradd command in Linux. Now, you can easily add a new user to the Linux system. You can use these commands in Ubuntu, RHEL, CentOS, Fedora, Debian and any other Linux distributions. useradd command is easy to use and helpful for creating new users in the system.

What’s Next

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How to Create Home Directory for Existing User in Linux

By default when you create a user in Linux, users default home directory is created under /home. If you noticed on Ubuntu and Debian derivated distribution useradd command won’t create a home directory by default.

Let’s think of a situation where you have already created a user but the home directory is missing. In this tutorial, I will show you how to create a default home directory for an existing user in Linux.

Create default home directory for existing user

Here I am using Ubuntu 22.04 and going to create a user named ‘ bob’ using useradd command:

Useradd command has added an entry home directory in /etc/passwd file

$ grep bob /etc/passwd bob:x:1003:1003::/home/bob:/bin/sh

If I try to login as the user using su — , it shows that it’s logging in with Home=/ . This means the user home directory is not created.

$ su - bob Password: No directory, logging in with HOME=/

In Linux, a user’s default home directory is /home. To create a default home directory use mkhomedir_helper command.

Make sure to run mkhomedir_helper command as root or user with sudo access.

$ sudo mkhomedir_helper bob

The previous command creates a home directory named «/home/bob» and user settings files.

$ ls -al /home/bob total 20 drwxr-xr-x 2 bob bob 4096 Jun 1 02:26 . drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Jun 1 02:26 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 bob bob 220 Jun 1 02:26 .bash_logout -rw-r--r-- 1 bob bob 3771 Jun 1 02:26 .bashrc -rw-r--r-- 1 bob bob 807 Jun 1 02:26 .profile

For a graphical environment (such as GNOME or XFCE ), if you are missing subdirectories in the home directory, the user needs to log out and log in back.

When the user login the first time all subdirectories such as Pictures, Documents, Videos, and Downloads folders can be created in the home directory.

Another method is to delete the user and create a new user using -m or —create-home option.

The following command creates a home folder (-m) and set the specified home directory (-d) as the value for the new user’s login:

$ sudo useradd -m -d /home/bob01 bob01

Conclusion

To conclude, If you are a Ubuntu fan you should be now using adduser command, it’s recommended by Debian. If you have an existing user, now you should be able to add default directory.

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