Current user permissions linux

How to see the permissions of an user over a file in Linux?

How can I see the permissions of an user over a file (or directiory) in Linux, I know that with «ls -l» I can see the permissions of my user over files. Is there any way to do this with other users without logging in?

2 Answers 2

Actually when you do «ls -l» it return something like that :

-rwxrw-r-- 10 user group 252 Jan 13 08:43:10 text 

• File permissions
• Number of links to the file
• Owner name
• Owner group
• File size
• Time of last modification
• File/directory name

The file permissions part can be divided in four parts :

• First character which describe the type of file («-» is for a regular file)
• Then there is three parts of three characters each :
  • The first is the permissions for the owner of the file
  • The second is the permissions for all the members of the owner group of the file
  • The third is the permissions for everyone else
  • — The file is a regular one
  • rwx The owner is «user» and he has the rights to read («r»), write («w») and execute («x») on the file
  • rw- The group is «group» and every user on that group can read and write on the file but not execute it
  • r— Everyone else can just read the file and cannot write on it or execute it

  To list all the group an user is member of use the command «groups user» (replace «user» by the name of the user).

  The permissions you see on the files when you do ls -l are the permission settings on the file for every user and group on that *nix system. The file permissions settings are universal, and will not change based on which user is logged in to the system. Of course, file permissions of a file or directory can be changed by a user with the correct privileges (and those changes will be universal across every user and group).

  The file permission settings set the permissions controls for three types of entities that may or may not access the file. The three entities are the user, the group, and everybody else. The file permission settings you see when you do ls -l are describing the permissions settings for each respective entity.

  I’d read through this guide to get a better understanding of how permissions work in a *nix system.

  Related

  Hot Network Questions

  Subscribe to RSS

  To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader.

  Site design / logo © 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA . rev 2023.7.13.43531

  By clicking “Accept all cookies”, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy.

  Источник

  How to manage Linux permissions for users, groups, and others

  How to manage permissions and ownership for users, groups, and all others to resources such as directories and files.

  

  Managing access to resources is a fundamental task for sysadmins. This responsibility consists of three components: identities, resources, and permissions. This article covers several user, group, and file management commands to control access to resources. The article uses a «How do I…?» format, and it assumes you have a few resources to work with. Specifically, I cover the following topics:

  • Creating directories and files
  • Managing ownership and associated groups
  • Setting permissions with absolute and symbolic modes

  Linux security

  Setting up a playground

  I’ve been in IT for about 25 years, and most of that time was spent as a technical trainer. That means that the things that I write are usually structured as some sort of lab or other hands-on opportunity. It’s just how I cover material. With that in mind, I’ll assume you have a couple of identities and resources to experiment with as you read the rest of the article. You can use the following commands to set up a playground. It’s best to do this on a virtual machine rather than your personal Linux box, but these tasks are relatively harmless.

  Create two new users and two new groups to work with. Note that you do not need to configure passwords for the users in this exercise, as you won’t log on with those accounts.

  # useradd user01 # useradd user02 # groupadd groupA # groupadd groupB

  Note: You would use the passwd user01 command to set the user’s password.

  [ Want to test your sysadmin skills? Take a skills assessment today. ]

  In your home directory, create a new directory named playground :

  Change into the ~/playground directory by using the cd command. You are ready to work with the commands and concepts below.

  When you’ve completed the article and learned the techniques I’ve covered, delete the two user accounts, the groups, and the playground directory. Use rm -fR /playground , userdel user01 , and groupdel groupA to remove the resources.

  How do I create directories and files?

  Use the mkdir command to create directories. The touch command is one of many ways to create files.

  How do I create a directory named Resources ?

  How do I create a directory path (a series of directories that don’t yet exist)?

  # mkdir -p Resources/data/2020data

  Note: The goal here is to create the 2020data directory, but the given path’s data directory does not yet exist. The -p option creates parent directories as needed to complete the path.

  How do I create a file named file1 ?

  How do I create several files at once?

  How do I manage ownership and groups?

  In the playground directory, display the current owner and group associated with the Resources directory and the files.

  How do I display permission, owners, and groups?

  The ls -l command displays directory contents in long format. The long format contains both permissions and ownership. You can see that the user account that created the resources also owns those resources. The group association is also that user’s primary group.

  How do I change the user/owner associated with file1 ?

  How do I change the group associated with file1 ?

  How do I change the owner and group at the same time for file2 ?

  There is a specific chgrp command, but I prefer only to memorize one command ( chown ) and apply it to both functions (user and group associations) rather than chown for the user and then have to recall chgrp for the group.

  How do I change the user/group for a directory and all of its contents?

  # chown -R user01:groupA Resources

  The above task provides a recursive configuration. Technically, recursive commands are repeated on each specified object. Effectively, recursive means «this and everything in it.» In the above example, you are configuring the related user/group for the Resources directory and everything in it. Without the -R option, you would only affect the Resources directory itself, but not its contents.

  How do I manage permissions?

  The change mode or chmod command sets permissions. The syntax is straight-forward:

  chmod permissions resource-name

  Here are two examples of manipulating permissions for file2 :

  # chmod 740 file2 # chmod u=rwx,g=r,o-rwx file2

  But wait! Those appear to be radically different examples (they’re not, actually). What are all those letters and numbers?

  We need to discuss absolute mode and symbolic mode.

  How do I use absolute mode?

  Absolute mode is one of two ways of specifying permissions. I’ve seen this mode referred to as octal or numeric mode, but the term I learned was absolute. That term also makes the most sense to me because it’s an absolute statement of the desired permissions. I always told my students that this seemed like the most complex of the two modes but is actually the simplest. Usually, they agreed.

  Each access level (read, write, execute) has an octal value:

  Access level	Octal value
  Read	4
  Write	2
  Execute	1

  Each identity (user, group, others) has a position:

  Identity	Position
  User	First or left-most
  Group	Middle
  Others	Last or right-most

  Great Linux resources

  The absolute mode syntax states the desired permissions from left to right.

  How do I grant the user (owner) read, write, and execute, the group read-only, and all others no access to file2 by using absolute mode?

  The three permissions values are associated with identities:
  ugo
  740

  • The 7 is assigned to the user and is the sum of 4+2+1 or read+write+execute (full access)
  • The 4 is assigned to the group and is the sum of 4+0+0 (read-only)
  • The 0 is assigned to others and is the sum of 0+0+0 (no access)

  In this example, the user has rwx, the group has r only, and all others have no access to file2 .

  Let’s look at one more example.

  How do I grant the user (owner) read and write, the group read-only, and all others read-only to file2 ?

  • The user has 6 (read and write)
  • The group has 4 (read-only)
  • All others have 4 (read-only)

  I find this easier because there are no calculations involved. I’m not concerned with adding or subtracting specific permissions based on the current settings. Instead, I say, «set the permissions to be this,» and that’s the end result I get. It’s an absolute statement.

  How do I set permissions for the Resources directory and all of its contents by using absolute mode?

  How do I use symbolic mode?

  Symbolic mode uses more symbols, but the symbols are simpler to understand. That’s attractive to sysadmins that are new to standard Linux permissions.

  Each access level has a symbol:

  Access level	Symbol
  Read	r
  Write	w
  Execute	x

  Each identity has a symbol:

  Identity	Symbol
  User	u
  Group	g
  Others	o

  There are also operators to manipulate the permissions:

  Task	Operator
  Grant a level of access	+
  Remove a level of access	—
  Set a level of access	=

  The general chmod command syntax is the same:

  command permissions directory/file

  How do I remove the read permissions from others for file2 by using symbolic mode?

  This example removes ( — ) the read ( r ) permission from others ( o ) for file2 .

  Here’s another simple example:

  How do I grant the read and write permissions to the group for file2 ?

  This one gives ( + ) read and write ( rw ) to the group ( g ) for file2 .

  How do I set permissions for a directory and all of its contents by using symbolic mode?

  # chmod -R o=rwx,g+rw,o-rwx Resources

  Special permissions and Access Control Lists

  

  The above discussion covers standard Linux permissions—applying rwx to the user, group, and all others. Linux has far more flexibility, however. Special permissions permit users to run applications with other credentials, control the inheritance of group associations, and keep files from being changed accidentally. Check out this great article on special permissions.

  Linux also has a way of enforcing different permissions for different users and groups. Access Control Lists (ACLs) permit sysadmins to define permissions for more than just one user and one group, which adds a great deal more flexibility to standard permissions. For example, user01 can be granted rw- to file1 , while user02 can be granted r— to file1 . Here is a great article on ACLs.

  Wrap up

  Creating resources, managing users, and setting permissions are fundamental tasks for Linux users. My goal was to provide a quick and easy guide based on common questions or tasks that we must all accomplish regularly. If you’re new to Linux, having a solid grasp of the eight commands discussed above will make your sysadmin life much easier.

  Источник

  Читайте также:  Linux driver microsoft lifecam