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Debian based live linux

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Содержание
  1. Create a Custom Debian Live Environment (CD or USB)
  2. Prerequisites
  3. Bootstrap and Configure Debian
  4. Prepare Boot Loader Menus
  5. Prepare Boot Loader Files
  6. Create Bootable ISO/CD
  7. Citations
  8. What’s in this directory?
  9. How do I use these files?
  10. How can I verify my download is correct and exactly what has been created by Debian?
  11. Non-free Firmware
  12. Memory usage
  13. Other questions?

Create a Custom Debian Live Environment (CD or USB)

These are steps that I used on an Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish) 64-bit Normal installation system to build an amd64 (64-bit) Debian 11 (Bullseye) live environment that can boot from CD or USB.

The live environment generated by this guide is bootable with legacy BIOS or modern EFI hardware.

I wrote this guide more for personal educational purposes than anything. It is not necessarily the fastest guide or the best guide for your needs. There are many other apps, tutorials, walkthroughs, and methods that better accomplish what is in this guide. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] I hope this guide is helpful all the same.

Warning : I have highlighted all the places you should be in the [chroot] environment. Be careful! Running some of these commands on your local environment instead of in the chroot can damage your system.

Prerequisites

Install applications we need to build the environment.

sudo apt install \ debootstrap \ squashfs-tools \ xorriso \ isolinux \ syslinux-efi \ grub-pc-bin \ grub-efi-amd64-bin \ grub-efi-ia32-bin \ mtools \ dosfstools

Create a directory where we will store all of the files we create throughout this guide.

Bootstrap and Configure Debian

Set up the base Debian environment. I am using bullseye for my distribution and amd64 for the architecture. Consult the list of debian mirrors.

Please change the URL in this command if there is a mirror that is closer to you.

sudo debootstrap \ --arch=amd64 \ --variant=minbase \ bullseye \ $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/chroot \ http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/

Chroot to the Debian environment we just bootstrapped.

sudo chroot $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/chroot

[chroot] Set a custom hostname for your Debian environment.

echo "debian-live" > /etc/hostname

[chroot] Install a Linux kernel of your choosing. I chose the image linux-image-amd64 . I also believe live-boot is a necessity. systemd-sys (or an equivalent) is also necessary to provide init.

apt update && \ apt install --no-install-recommends \ linux-image-amd64 \ live-boot \ systemd-sysv

[chroot] Install programs of your choosing, and then run apt clean to save some space. I use —no-install-recommends to avoid superfluous packages. You should decide what you need for your environment.

Although this article results in a relatively tiny live environment, generating an environment that is only a couple dozen MB large takes additional effort not covered in this article.

apt install --no-install-recommends \ network-manager net-tools wireless-tools wpagui \ curl openssh-client \ blackbox xserver-xorg-core xserver-xorg xinit xterm \ nano && \ apt clean

[chroot] Set the root password. root will be the only user in this live environment by default, but you may add additional users as needed.

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[chroot] Exit the chroot.

Create directories that will contain files for our live environment files and scratch files.

Compress the chroot environment into a Squash filesystem.

sudo mksquashfs \ $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/chroot \ $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/staging/live/filesystem.squashfs \ -e boot

Copy the kernel and initramfs from inside the chroot to the live directory.

cp $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/chroot/boot/vmlinuz-* \ $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/staging/live/vmlinuz && \ cp $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/chroot/boot/initrd.img-* \ $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/staging/live/initrd

Prepare Boot Loader Menus

Create an ISOLINUX (Syslinux) boot menu. This boot menu is used when booting in BIOS/legacy mode.

cat $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/staging/isolinux/isolinux.cfg UI vesamenu.c32 MENU TITLE Boot Menu DEFAULT linux TIMEOUT 600 MENU RESOLUTION 640 480 MENU COLOR border 30;44 #40ffffff #a0000000 std MENU COLOR title 1;36;44 #9033ccff #a0000000 std MENU COLOR sel 7;37;40 #e0ffffff #20ffffff all MENU COLOR unsel 37;44 #50ffffff #a0000000 std MENU COLOR help 37;40 #c0ffffff #a0000000 std MENU COLOR timeout_msg 37;40 #80ffffff #00000000 std MENU COLOR timeout 1;37;40 #c0ffffff #00000000 std MENU COLOR msg07 37;40 #90ffffff #a0000000 std MENU COLOR tabmsg 31;40 #30ffffff #00000000 std LABEL linux MENU LABEL Debian Live [BIOS/ISOLINUX] MENU DEFAULT KERNEL /live/vmlinuz APPEND initrd=/live/initrd boot=live LABEL linux MENU LABEL Debian Live [BIOS/ISOLINUX] (nomodeset) MENU DEFAULT KERNEL /live/vmlinuz APPEND initrd=/live/initrd boot=live nomodeset EOF

Create a second, similar, boot menu for GRUB. This boot menu is used when booting in EFI/UEFI mode.

cat $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/staging/boot/grub/grub.cfg insmod part_gpt insmod part_msdos insmod fat insmod iso9660 insmod all_video insmod font set default="0" set timeout=30 # If X has issues finding screens, experiment with/without nomodeset. menuentry "Debian Live [EFI/GRUB]" < search --no-floppy --set=root --label DEBLIVE linux ($root)/live/vmlinuz boot=live initrd ($root)/live/initrd >menuentry "Debian Live [EFI/GRUB] (nomodeset)" < search --no-floppy --set=root --label DEBLIVE linux ($root)/live/vmlinuz boot=live nomodeset initrd ($root)/live/initrd >EOF

Copy the grub.cfg file to the EFI BOOT directory.

cp $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/staging/boot/grub/grub.cfg $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/staging/EFI/BOOT/

Create a third boot config. This config will be an early configuration file that is embedded inside GRUB in the EFI partition. This finds the root and loads the GRUB config from there.

cat $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/tmp/grub-embed.cfg if ! [ -d "$cmdpath" ]; then # On some firmware, GRUB has a wrong cmdpath when booted from an optical disc. # https://gitlab.archlinux.org/archlinux/archiso/-/issues/183 if regexp --set=1:isodevice '^(\([^)]+\))\/?[Ee][Ff][Ii]\/[Bb][Oo][Oo][Tt]\/?$' "$cmdpath"; then cmdpath="$/EFI/BOOT" fi fi configfile "$/grub.cfg" EOF

Your LIVE_BOOT directory should now roughly look like this.

LIVE_BOOT/chroot/*tons of chroot files* LIVE_BOOT/staging/live/initrd LIVE_BOOT/staging/live/vmlinuz LIVE_BOOT/staging/live/filesystem.squashfs LIVE_BOOT/staging/isolinux/isolinux.cfg LIVE_BOOT/staging/EFI/BOOT LIVE_BOOT/staging/boot/grub/grub.cfg LIVE_BOOT/staging/boot/grub/x86_64-efi

Prepare Boot Loader Files

Copy BIOS/legacy boot required files into our workspace.

cp /usr/lib/ISOLINUX/isolinux.bin "$/LIVE_BOOT/staging/isolinux/" && \ cp /usr/lib/syslinux/modules/bios/* "$/LIVE_BOOT/staging/isolinux/"

Copy EFI/modern boot required files into our workspace.

cp -r /usr/lib/grub/x86_64-efi/* "$/LIVE_BOOT/staging/boot/grub/x86_64-efi/"

Generate an EFI bootable GRUB image.

grub-mkstandalone -O i386-efi \ --modules="part_gpt part_msdos fat iso9660" \ --locales="" \ --themes="" \ --fonts="" \ --output="$HOME/LIVE_BOOT/staging/EFI/BOOT/BOOTIA32.EFI" \ "boot/grub/grub.cfg=$HOME/LIVE_BOOT/tmp/grub-embed.cfg" 
grub-mkstandalone -O x86_64-efi \ --modules="part_gpt part_msdos fat iso9660" \ --locales="" \ --themes="" \ --fonts="" \ --output="$HOME/LIVE_BOOT/staging/EFI/BOOT/BOOTx64.EFI" \ "boot/grub/grub.cfg=$HOME/LIVE_BOOT/tmp/grub-embed.cfg"

Create a FAT16 UEFI boot disk image containing the EFI bootloaders.

(cd $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/staging && \ dd if=/dev/zero of=efiboot.img bs=1M count=20 && \ mkfs.vfat efiboot.img && \ mmd -i efiboot.img ::/EFI ::/EFI/BOOT && \ mcopy -vi efiboot.img \ $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/staging/EFI/BOOT/BOOTIA32.EFI \ $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/staging/EFI/BOOT/BOOTx64.EFI \ $HOME/LIVE_BOOT/staging/boot/grub/grub.cfg \ ::/EFI/BOOT/ )

Create Bootable ISO/CD

The .iso file we create can be burned to a CD-ROM (optical media) and can also be written to a USB device with dd . The process here a bit complex, but that resultant behavior is common in many modern live environments such as the Ubuntu installation .iso file.

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Please note that writing an .iso file to a USB device is not the same as installing the live environment directly to a USB device.

Generate the .iso disc image file.

xorriso \ -as mkisofs \ -iso-level 3 \ -o "$/LIVE_BOOT/debian-custom.iso" \ -full-iso9660-filenames \ -volid "DEBLIVE" \ --mbr-force-bootable -partition_offset 16 \ -joliet -joliet-long -rational-rock \ -isohybrid-mbr /usr/lib/ISOLINUX/isohdpfx.bin \ -eltorito-boot \ isolinux/isolinux.bin \ -no-emul-boot \ -boot-load-size 4 \ -boot-info-table \ --eltorito-catalog isolinux/isolinux.cat \ -eltorito-alt-boot \ -e --interval:appended_partition_2:all:: \ -no-emul-boot \ -isohybrid-gpt-basdat \ -append_partition 2 C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B $/LIVE_BOOT/staging/efiboot.img \ "$/LIVE_BOOT/staging"

Citations

  • [syslinux] Isohybrid wiki page and UEFI
    • This makes me think syslinux EFI with isohybird will not work!
    • See: `This is what i understand from SYSLINUX being unable to boot from ISO 9660 via UEFI.
    • Note that it is not clearly expliained how we generate efiboot.img . Every major distro uses Grub and Syslinux for legacy + EFI booting.
    • Decent SYSLINUX vesa menu colors.
    • Some good context for grub-mkimage.

    Источник

    What’s in this directory?

    These are files containing live images for the Debian GNU/Linux operating system. They are specifically for the amd64 architecture.

    There are multiple different files here, corresponding to the different desktop environments..

    How do I use these files?

    The files here are complete ISO images, ready to use.

    Once you have downloaded all the ISO images you want, you will typically need to write them to media, either writeable DVD or a USB stick.

    How can I verify my download is correct and exactly what has been created by Debian?

    There are files here (SHA512SUMS, etc.) which contain checksums of the images. These checksum files are also signed — see the matching .sign files. Once you’ve downloaded an image, you can check:

    • that its checksum matches that expected from the checksum file; and
    • that the checksum file has not been tampered with.

    For more information about how to do these steps, read the verification guide.

    Non-free Firmware

    This Debian image build only includes Free Software where possible. However, many systems include hardware which depends on non-free firmware to function properly so this build also includes those firmware files for those cases. See the Debian Wiki non-free firmware page for more information.

    Memory usage

    Live images tend to be resource hungry by nature — they need to use memory to extract and store the compressed system as well as the memory that the running software would normally need. The minimum recommended RAM for using a desktop environment on a live image is 2 GiB. If you have a system with less memory, your system will not work well here.

    Other questions?

    See the Debian CD FAQ for lots more information about Debian CDs and installation.

    The images here were put together by the Debian Images team, using live-build and other software.

    [ICO] Name Last modified Size
    [PARENTDIR] Parent Directory —
    [SUM] SHA256SUMS 2023-06-10 14:09 4.1K
    [CRT] SHA256SUMS.sign 2023-06-10 16:00 833
    [SUM] SHA512SUMS 2023-06-10 14:09 6.6K
    [CRT] SHA512SUMS.sign 2023-06-10 16:00 833
    [ISO] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-cinnamon.iso 2023-06-10 10:51 3.3G
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-cinnamon.iso.contents 2023-06-10 13:09 57K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-cinnamon.iso.log 2023-06-10 13:37 3.4M
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-cinnamon.iso.packages 2023-06-10 12:50 74K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-cinnamon.log 2023-06-10 13:36 3.5M
    [ISO] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-gnome.iso 2023-06-10 10:51 3.3G
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-gnome.iso.contents 2023-06-10 13:17 57K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-gnome.iso.log 2023-06-10 13:45 3.2M
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-gnome.iso.packages 2023-06-10 12:52 70K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-gnome.log 2023-06-10 13:44 3.4M
    [ISO] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-kde.iso 2023-06-10 10:51 3.4G
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-kde.iso.contents 2023-06-10 13:20 57K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-kde.iso.log 2023-06-10 13:51 3.5M
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-kde.iso.packages 2023-06-10 12:54 77K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-kde.log 2023-06-10 13:49 3.6M
    [ISO] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-lxde.iso 2023-06-10 10:51 3.1G
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-lxde.iso.contents 2023-06-10 13:15 57K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-lxde.iso.log 2023-06-10 13:40 3.0M
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-lxde.iso.packages 2023-06-10 12:51 63K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-lxde.log 2023-06-10 13:39 3.2M
    [ISO] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-lxqt.iso 2023-06-10 10:51 3.1G
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-lxqt.iso.contents 2023-06-10 13:18 57K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-lxqt.iso.log 2023-06-10 13:44 3.0M
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-lxqt.iso.packages 2023-06-10 12:53 62K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-lxqt.log 2023-06-10 13:43 3.1M
    [ISO] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-mate.iso 2023-06-10 10:51 3.2G
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-mate.iso.contents 2023-06-10 13:16 57K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-mate.iso.log 2023-06-10 13:41 2.9M
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-mate.iso.packages 2023-06-10 12:51 61K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-mate.log 2023-06-10 13:40 3.1M
    [ISO] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-standard.iso 2023-06-10 10:51 1.6G
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-standard.iso.contents 2023-06-10 12:39 57K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-standard.iso.log 2023-06-10 12:47 1.1M
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-standard.iso.packages 2023-06-10 12:29 24K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-standard.log 2023-06-10 12:47 1.2M
    [ISO] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-xfce.iso 2023-06-10 10:51 3.1G
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-xfce.iso.contents 2023-06-10 13:17 57K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-xfce.iso.log 2023-06-10 13:43 2.9M
    [ ] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-xfce.iso.packages 2023-06-10 12:52 62K
    [TXT] debian-live-12.0.0-amd64-xfce.log 2023-06-10 13:42 3.1M

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