Во время загрузки URL репозиториев обозначаются специальными префиксами, вот что они означают:
Когда кэш обновлен вы можете посмотреть для каких пакетов доступны обновления:
Аналогично можно посмотреть установленные пакеты apt:
sudo apt list —all-versions
Затем можно обновить все пакеты в системе:
Package management via apt-get runs hand-in-hand with the /etc/apt/sources.list file. For information on editing or updating your sources list see SourcesList.
This page describes how to handle the packages on your system using apt-get and related commands. For example, you can install a new package, remove an installed package, or update all installed packages to the latest versions.
sudo apt-get install ubuntu-desktop
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This command runs
The same as the above, except add the «smart upgrade» checkbox. It tells APT to use «smart» conflict resolution system, and it will attempt to upgrade the most important packages at the expense of less important ones if necessary.
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du -sh /var/cache/apt/archives
Reconfigure the named package. With many packages, you’ll be prompted with some configuration questions you may not have known were there.
dpkg-reconfigure fontconfig-config
echo " hold" | dpkg --set-selections
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echo " install" | dpkg --set-selections
This command completely removes a package and the associated configuration files. Configuration files residing in ~ are not usually affected by this command.
dpkg -l | grep '^rc' | awk '' | xargs dpkg --purge
This command determines which installed package owns
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dpkg -L package | grep /usr/bin
For more information on apt-get, apt-cache and dpkg consult their manual pages by using the man command. These manuals will provide a wider scope of information in addition to all of the options that you can use with each program.
I want to feel the wind in my hair, I want the adrenaline of speed. So let’s install a racing game. But what racing games are available?
apt-cache search racing game
It gives me a lot of answers. I see a game named «torcs». Let’s get some more information on this game.
Hmmm. it seems interesting. But is this game not already installed on my computer? And what is the available version? Which repository is it from (Universe or Main)?
Ok, so now, let’s install it!
What is the command I must type in the console to launch this game? In this example, it’s straightforward («torcs»), but that’s not always the case. One way of finding the name of the binary is to look at what files the package has installed in «/usr/bin». For games, the binary will be in «/usr/games». For administrative programs, it’s in «/usr/sbin».
dpkg -L torcs | grep /usr/games/
The first part of the command display all files installed by the package «torcs» (try it). With the second part, we ask to only display lines containing «/usr/games/».
Hmmm, that game is cool. Maybe there are some extra tracks?
But I’m running out of space. I will delete the apt cache!
Oh no, my mother asked me to remove all games from this computer. But I want to keep the configuration files so I can simply re-install it later.
If I want to also remove config files :
These are three methods of using apt-get with a http-proxy.
This is a temporary method that you can manually use each time you want to use apt-get through a http-proxy. This method is useful if you only want to temporarily use a http-proxy.
Enter this line in the terminal prior to using apt-get (substitute your details for yourproxyaddress and proxyport).
export http_proxy=http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport
If you normally use sudo to run apt-get you will need to login as root first for this to work unless you also add some explicit environment settings to /etc/sudoers, e.g.
Defaults env_keep = "http_proxy https_proxy ftp_proxy"
This method uses the apt.conf file which is found in your /etc/apt/ directory. This method is useful if you only want apt-get (and not other applications) to use a http-proxy permanently.
gksudo gedit /etc/apt/apt.conf
Add this line to your /etc/apt/apt.conf file (substitute your details for yourproxyaddress and proxyport).
Acquire::http::Proxy "http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport";
This method adds a two lines to your .bashrc file in your $HOME directory. This method is useful if you would like apt-get and other applications for instance wget, to use a http-proxy.
Add these lines to the bottom of your ~/.bashrc file (substitute your details for yourproxyaddress and proxyport)
http_proxy=http://yourproxyaddress:proxyport export http_proxy
Save the file. Close your terminal window and then open another terminal window or source the ~/.bashrc file:
Test your proxy with sudo apt-get update and whatever networking tool you desire. You can use firestarter or conky to see active connections.
If you make a mistake and go back to edit the file again, you can close the terminal and reopen it or you can source ~/.bashrc as shown above.
If you need to login to the Proxy server this can be achieved in most cases by using the following layout in specifying the proxy address in http-proxy. (substitute your details for username, password, yourproxyaddress and proxyport)
http_proxy=http://username:password@yourproxyaddress:proxyport