Linux git with ssh key

Linux git with ssh key

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4.3 Git на сервере — Генерация открытого SSH ключа

Как отмечалось ранее, многие Git-серверы используют аутентификацию по открытым SSH-ключам. Для того чтобы предоставить открытый ключ, каждый пользователь в системе должен его сгенерировать, если только этого уже не было сделано ранее. Этот процесс аналогичен во всех операционных системах. Сначала вам стоит убедиться, что у вас ещё нет ключа. По умолчанию пользовательские SSH ключи сохраняются в каталоге ~/.ssh домашнем каталоге пользователя. Вы можете легко проверить наличие ключа перейдя в этот каталог и посмотрев его содержимое:

$ cd ~/.ssh $ ls authorized_keys2 id_dsa known_hosts config id_dsa.pub

Ищите файл с именем id_dsa или id_rsa и соответствующий ему файл с расширением .pub . Файл с расширением .pub — это ваш открытый ключ, а второй файл — ваш приватный ключ. Если указанные файлы у вас отсутствуют (или даже нет каталога .ssh ), вы можете создать их используя программу ssh-keygen , которая входит в состав пакета SSH в системах Linux/Mac, а для Windows поставляется вместе с Git:

$ ssh-keygen -o Generating public/private rsa key pair. Enter file in which to save the key (/home/schacon/.ssh/id_rsa): Created directory '/home/schacon/.ssh'. Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): Enter same passphrase again: Your identification has been saved in /home/schacon/.ssh/id_rsa. Your public key has been saved in /home/schacon/.ssh/id_rsa.pub. The key fingerprint is: d0:82:24:8e:d7:f1:bb:9b:33:53:96:93:49:da:9b:e3 schacon@mylaptop.local

Сначала программа попросит указать расположение файла для сохранения ключа ( .ssh/id_rsa ), затем дважды ввести пароль для шифрования. Если вы не хотите вводить пароль каждый раз при использовании ключа, то можете оставить его пустым или использовать программу ssh-agent . Если вы решили использовать пароль для приватного ключа, то настоятельно рекомендуется использовать опцию -o , которая позволяет сохранить ключ в формате, более устойчивом ко взлому методом подбора, чем стандартный формат.

Теперь каждый пользователь должен отправить свой открытый ключ вам или тому, кто администрирует Git-сервер (подразумевается, что ваш SSH-сервер уже настроен на работу с открытыми ключами). Для этого достаточно скопировать содержимое файла с расширением .pub и отправить его по электронной почте. Открытый ключ выглядит примерно так:

$ cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABIwAAAQEAklOUpkDHrfHY17SbrmTIpNLTGK9Tjom/BWDSU GPl+nafzlHDTYW7hdI4yZ5ew18JH4JW9jbhUFrviQzM7xlELEVf4h9lFX5QVkbPppSwg0cda3 Pbv7kOdJ/MTyBlWXFCR+HAo3FXRitBqxiX1nKhXpHAZsMciLq8V6RjsNAQwdsdMFvSlVK/7XA t3FaoJoAsncM1Q9x5+3V0Ww68/eIFmb1zuUFljQJKprrX88XypNDvjYNby6vw/Pb0rwert/En mZ+AW4OZPnTPI89ZPmVMLuayrD2cE86Z/il8b+gw3r3+1nKatmIkjn2so1d01QraTlMqVSsbx NrRFi9wrf+M7Q== schacon@mylaptop.local

Более подробное руководство по созданию SSH-ключей и конфигурации клиента на различных системах вы можете найти в руководстве GitHub.

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Using Git with SSH keys

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Today’s post is for developers. If you use the Git version control system with a service such as GitHub, GitLab or Bitbucket to host and manage your projects source codes, you know that by default Git connects to remotes using the HTTPS protocol, which requires you to enter username and password every time you run a command such as git pull or git push .

Using the SSH protocol, you can connect and authenticate to servers to use their services. The three mentioned services allow Git to connect via SSH instead of HTTPS. Connecting with public key encryption dispenses typing username and password for every Git command.

You are going to see in this post how to use GitHub, GitLab and Bitbucket with SSH.

Make sure an SSH client in installed

In order to connect using the SSH protocol, an SSH client must be installed on your system. If you use openSUSE, it should be already installed by default.

Just to make sure, open the terminal and run:

That command should output the version number of the SSH client being used:

OpenSSH_7.9p1, OpenSSL 1.1.0i-fips 14 Aug 2018

In case the system informs that the ssh command was not found, you can install the OpenSSH client running:

Check for existing SSH keys

To connect using the SSH protocol, you need an SSH key pair (one private and the other public). If you have never used SSH, you can safely skip this topic and move on to the next. If you have ever used SSH (for instance, to remotely access a server), probably you already have an SSH key pair, in which case you don’t need to generate a new key pair.

To see if existing SSH keys are present, run:

That command should list the contents of the ~/.ssh folder, in which the SSH client stores its configuration files:

total 28K drwx------ 2 vinicius users 94 Mar 17 14:55 . drwxr-xr-x 54 vinicius users 4.0K Jul 14 02:44 .. -rw------- 1 vinicius users 2.5K Mar 1 23:41 authorized_keys -rw-r--r-- 1 vinicius users 39 Dec 19 2018 config -rw------- 1 vinicius users 3.3K Jul 18 2018 id_rsa -rw-r--r-- 1 vinicius users 748 Jul 18 2018 id_rsa.pub -rw-r--r-- 1 vinicius users 4.7K Jul 5 01:57 known_hosts

If you receive an error that there is no ~/.ssh directory or there are no files in it, don’t worry: it means you haven’t created an SSH key pair yet. If that is the case, proceed to the next topic.

By default, public SSH keys are named:

Inside my ~/.ssh folder, I have an SSH key pair ( id_rsa.pub is the public key and id_rsa is the private key) created a year ago ( Jul 18 2018 ).

For security reasons, it is recommended that you generate a new SSH key pair at least once a year. If you already have an SSH key pair that was created more than a year ago, it is recommended that you proceed to the next topic.

If you already have an SSH key pair and want to reuse it, you can skip the next topic.

Generate a new SSH key pair

To generate a new SSH key pair, run the following command (replace your_email@example.com with your email address):

$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "your_email@example.com" Generating public/private rsa key pair. Enter file in which to save the key (/home/your_user_name/.ssh/id_rsa):

It asks you where to save the private key ( id_rsa ).

Press Enter to accept the default location.

If you already have a private key, it asks whether it should overwrite:

/home/your_user_name/.ssh/id_rsa already exists. Overwrite (y/n)?

If that happens, type y and press Enter.

Then, enter and re-enter a passphrase (think of it as a kind of password):

Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): Enter same passphrase again:

The SSH key pair is created in ~/.ssh .

The whole interaction should look similar to the following:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
 
your_user_name@your_host_name:~> ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "your_email@example.com" Generating public/private rsa key pair. Enter file in which to save the key (/home/your_user_name/.ssh/id_rsa): /home/your_user_name/.ssh/id_rsa already exists. Overwrite (y/n)? y Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): Enter same passphrase again: Your identification has been saved in /home/your_user_name/.ssh/id_rsa. Your public key has been saved in /home/your_user_name/.ssh/id_rsa.pub. The key fingerprint is: SHA256:CEnY8FOQmvISJpVp6oAlITemk1aWKRdViOFePP6/CKk your_email@example.com The key's randomart image is: +---[RSA 4096]----+ |o.=@X++. | |o*@O++ | |=Bo+=+ | |Oo+ oo.. | |=+ . .. S | |. o | | . o . | | . . o | | E . o. | +----[SHA256]-----+ your_user_name@your_host_name:~>
 
Add the private SSH key to the ssh-agent
 
If you don’t want to type your passphrase each time you use your SSH keys, you need to add it to the ssh-agent, which is a program that runs in background while you are logged in to the system and stores your keys in memory.
 
To start the ssh-agent in background, run the following:
 
That command outputs the ssh-agent process identifier:
 
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