Linux new user home directory

How to Create Users in Linux (useradd Command)

Linux is a multi-user system, which means that more than one person can interact with the same system at the same time. As a system administrator, you have the responsibility to manage the system’s users and groups by creating and removing users and assign them to different groups .

In this article, we will talk about how to create new user accounts using the useradd command.

useradd Command #

The general syntax for the useradd command is as follows:

Only root or users with sudo privileges can use the useradd command to create new user accounts.

When invoked, useradd creates a new user account according to the options specified on the command line and the default values set in the /etc/default/useradd file.

The variables defined in this file differ from distribution to distribution, which causes the useradd command to produce different results on different systems.

useradd also reads the content of the /etc/login.defs file. This file contains configuration for the shadow password suite such as password expiration policy, ranges of user IDs used when creating system and regular users, and more.

How to Create a New User in Linux #

To create a new user account, invoke the useradd command followed by the name of the user.

For example to create a new user named username you would run:

When executed without any option, useradd creates a new user account using the default settings specified in the /etc/default/useradd file.

The command adds an entry to the /etc/passwd , /etc/shadow, /etc/group and /etc/gshadow files.

To be able to log in as the newly created user, you need to set the user password. To do that run the passwd command followed by the username:

You will be prompted to enter and confirm the password. Make sure you use a strong password.

Changing password for user username. New password: Retype new password: passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. 

How to Add a New User and Create Home Directory #

On most Linux distributions, when creating a new user account with useradd , the user’s home directory is not created.

Use the -m ( —create-home ) option to create the user home directory as /home/username :

The command above creates the new user’s home directory and copies files from /etc/skel directory to the user’s home directory. If you list the files in the /home/username directory, you will see the initialization files:

drwxr-xr-x 2 username username 4096 Dec 11 11:23 . drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Dec 11 11:23 .. -rw-r--r-- 1 username username 220 Apr 4 2018 .bash_logout -rw-r--r-- 1 username username 3771 Apr 4 2018 .bashrc -rw-r--r-- 1 username username 807 Apr 4 2018 .profile 

Within the home directory, the user can write, edit and delete files and directories.

Creating a User with Specific Home Directory #

By default useradd creates the user’s home directory in /home . If you want to create the user’s home directory in other location, use the d ( —home ) option.

Here is an example showing how to create a new user named username with a home directory of /opt/username :

sudo useradd -m -d /opt/username username

Creating a User with Specific User ID #

In Linux and Unix-like operating systems, users are identified by unique UID and username.

User identifier (UID) is a unique positive integer assigned by the Linux system to each user. The UID and other access control policies are used to determine the types of actions a user can perform on system resources.

By default, when a new user is created, the system assigns the next available UID from the range of user IDs specified in the login.defs file.

Invoke useradd with the -u ( —uid ) option to create a user with a specific UID. For example to create a new user named username with UID of 1500 you would type:

sudo useradd -u 1500 username

You can verify the user’s UID, using the id command:

Creating a User with Specific Group ID #

Linux groups are organization units that are used to organize and administer user accounts in Linux. The primary purpose of groups is to define a set of privileges such as reading, writing, or executing permission for a given resource that can be shared among the users within the group.

When creating a new user, the default behavior of the useradd command is to create a group with the same name as the username, and same GID as UID.

The -g ( —gid ) option allows you to create a user with a specific initial login group. You can specify either the group name or the GID number. The group name or GID must already exist.

The following example shows how to create a new user named username and set the login group to users type:

sudo useradd -g users username

To verify the user’s GID, use the id command:

Creating a User and Assign Multiple Groups #

There are two types of groups in Linux operating systems Primary group and Secondary (or supplementary) group. Each user can belong to exactly one primary group and zero or more secondary groups.

You to specify a list of supplementary groups which the user will be a member of with the -G ( —groups ) option.

The following command creates a new user named username with primary group users and secondary groups wheel and docker .

sudo useradd -g users -G wheel,developers username

You can check the user groups by typing

uid=1002(username) gid=100(users) groups=100(users),10(wheel),993(docker) 

Creating a User with Specific Login Shell #

By default, the new user’s login shell is set to the one specified in the /etc/default/useradd file. In some distributions the default shell is set to /bin/sh while in others it is set to /bin/bash .

The -s ( —shell ) option allows you to specify the new user’s login shell.

For example, to create a new user named username with /usr/bin/zsh as a login shell type:

sudo useradd -s /usr/bin/zsh username

Check the user entry in the /etc/passwd file to verify the user’s login shell:

username:x :1001:1001::/home/username:/usr/bin/zsh 

Creating a User with Custom Comment #

The -c ( —comment ) option allows you to add a short description for the new user. Typically the user’s full name or the contact information are added as a comment.

In the following example, we are creating a new user named username with text string Test User Account as a comment:

sudo useradd -c "Test User Account" username

The comment is saved in /etc/passwd file:

username:x :1001:1001:Test User Account:/home/username:/bin/sh 

The comment field is also known as GECOS .

Creating a User with an Expiry Date #

To define a time at which the new user accounts will expire, use the -e ( —expiredate ) option. This is useful for creating temporary accounts.

The date must be specified using the YYYY-MM-DD format.

For example to create a new user account named username with an expiry time set to January 22 2019 you would run:

sudo useradd -e 2019-01-22 username

Use the chage command to verify the user account expiry date:

The output will look something like this:

Last password change : Dec 11, 2018 Password expires : never Password inactive : never Account expires : Jan 22, 2019 Minimum number of days between password change : 0 Maximum number of days between password change : 99999 Number of days of warning before password expires : 7 

Creating a System User #

There is no real technical difference between the system and regular (normal) users. Typically system users are created when installing the OS and new packages.

Use the -r ( —system ) option to create a system user account. For example, to create a new system user named username you would run:

System users are created with no expiry date. Their UIDs are chosen from the range of system user IDs specified in the login.defs file, which is different than the range used for normal users.

Changing the Default useradd Values #

The default useradd options can be viewed and changed using the -D , —defaults option, or by manually editing the values in the /etc/default/useradd file.

To view the current default options type:

The output will look something like this:

GROUP=100 HOME=/home INACTIVE=-1 EXPIRE= SHELL=/bin/sh SKEL=/etc/skel CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=no 

Let’s say you want to change the default login shell from /bin/sh to /bin/bash . To do that, specify the new shell as shown below:

You can verify that the default shell value is changed by running the following command:

sudo useradd -D | grep -i shell

Conclusion #

We have shown you how to create new user accounts using the useradd command. The same instructions apply for any Linux distribution, including Ubuntu, CentOS, RHEL, Debian, Fedora, and Arch Linux.

useradd is a low-level utility, Debian and Ubuntu users can use the friendlier adduser command instead.

Feel free to leave a comment if you have any questions.

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