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And so there really isn’t any general way to know how to write a newline with echo , except that you can generally rely on just doing echo to do so.

A bash shell typically does not conform to the specification, and handles the -n and other options, but even that is uncertain. You can do:

shopt -s xpg_echo echo hey\\nthere 

And not even that is necessary if bash has been built with the build-time option.

—enable-xpg-echo-default

Make the echo builtin expand backslash-escaped characters by default, without requiring the -e option. This sets the default value of the xpg_echo shell option to on , which makes the Bash echo behave more like the version specified in the Single Unix Specification, version 3. See Bash Builtins, for a description of the escape sequences that echo recognizes.

printf

On the other hand, printf ‘s behavior is pretty tame in comparison.

RATIONALE

The printf utility was added to provide functionality that has historically been provided by echo . However, due to irreconcilable differences in the various versions of echo extant, the version has few special features, leaving those to this new printf utility, which is based on one in the Ninth Edition system.

The EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section almost exactly matches the printf() function in the ISO C standard, although it is described in terms of the file format notation in XBD File Format Notation.

It handles format strings which describe its arguments — which can be any number of things, but for strings are pretty much either %b yte strings or literal %s trings. Other than the %f ormats in the first argument, it behaves most like a %b yte string argument, except that it doesn’t handle the \c escape.

echo() printf

You might write your own standards conformant echo like.

. which should pretty much always do the right thing automatically.

Actually, no. That prints a literal \n at the tail of the arguments if the last argument ends in an odd number of .

echo() case $ in (\ *) printf %b\\n "$*";; (*) IFS=\ $IFS printf %b\\n "$*" IFS=$ esac 

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Linux echo command

On Unix-like operating systems, the echo command prints text to standard output, e.g., the terminal.

This page covers the GNU/Linux version of echo.

Description

echo is a fundamental command found in most operating systems. It is frequently used in scripts, batch files, and as part of individual commands; anywhere you may need to output text.

Most command shells, including bash, ksh and csh implement echo as a built-in command. The behavior of built-in echo commands is similar, but the options may be different; those commands are not documented here.

This page covers the stand-alone program, /bin/echo. Its options are slightly different than the built-in echo command that is included in your shell. If you are using the bash shell, you can determine which echo is the default, using the type command:

To specify that you want to run the stand-alone program instead of the shell built-in, use its complete path in the command, i.e., run it like this:

This page describes the GNU/Linux stand-alone version of echo.

Syntax

echo [SHORT-OPTION]. [STRING].

Options

Options

These options may be specified before the string, and affect the behavior of echo.

Options

If a long option is specified, you may not specify a string to be echoed. These options are for getting information about the program only.

Escape sequences

If you specify the -e option, the following escape sequences are recognized in your string:

Each shell generally has its own implementation of echo, which may be slightly different than the version described here. Refer to your shell’s documentation for details about the options it supports.

Examples

In the above command, the two words (Hello, and world!) are passed to echo as separate arguments, and echo prints them in sequence, separated by a space:

The next command produces the same output:

However, unlike the first example, the above command provides the single-quoted string ‘Hello, world!‘ as a single argument.

Single-quoting a string will reliably protect it from interpretation by the shell, passing special characters and escape sequences literally to echo.

For instance, in the bash shell, variable names are preceded by a dollar sign ($). In the next command, the variable name inside the quotes is treated literally; outside the quotes, it is converted to its value.

/bin/echo 'The value of $PATH is' $PATH

The value of $PATH is /home/hope/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin

Escape sequences are not interpreted, by default:

/bin/echo 'Here, \bthe \bbackspace \bsequences \bare \bignored.'

Here, \bthe \bbackspace \bsequences \bare \bignored.

However, if you provide the -e option, they are interpreted:

/bin/echo -e 'Here, \bhowever, \bthe \bbackspace \bsequences \bare \binterpreted.'

Here,however,thebackspacesequencesareinterpreted.

If you need to insert newlines in your echo output, specify the -e option and include the \n escape sequence wherever you want a new line:

echo -e 'Here,\nwe\nhave\ninserted\nnewlines.'

Here, we have inserted newlines.

echo -e 'Here\twe\thave\tinserted\thorizontal\ttabs.'

Here we have inserted horizontal tabs.

echo -e 'This line is not completely \cprinted.'

This line is not completely

Related commands

cat — Output the contents of a file.
printf — Write formatted output.
tac — Output the contents of files in reverse order.
tee — Route a file’s contents to multiple outputs.
touch — Update the timestamp of a file or directory.
tr — Translate one set of characters to another.

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How to Echo Newline in Bash

In Bash, there are multiple ways we can display a text in the console or terminal. We can use either the echo or printf command to print a text. Each of these commands has their unique behaviors.

In this guide, we’ll learn how to print a newline in Bash.

Newline in Bash

Before going further, here’s a quick refresh on what a newline is. It’s usually used to specify the end of a line and to jump to the next line. It’s expressed with the character “\n” in UNIX/Linux systems. Most text editors will not show it by default.

Printing Newline in Bash

There are a couple of different ways we can print a newline character. The most common way is to use the echo command. However, the printf command also works fine.

Using the backslash character for newline “\n” is the conventional way. However, it’s also possible to denote newlines using the “$” sign.

Printing Newline Using Echo

The echo command takes a string as input and prints it out on the console screen. To print any text, we use the echo command in the following manner:

As mentioned earlier, the newline character is “\n”, right? How about we try to include it directly with echo?

Well, that didn’t go as expected. What happened?

By default, the echo command will print the string provided, character by character. It doesn’t interpret backslash characters. However, we can fix this by adding the flag “-e”. It enables backslash character interpretation. Let’s fix the command and run it again:

Voila! Now it’s working as expected!

This technique also works when using Bash variables. Take a look at the following example:

$ sentence = «The \n Quick \n Brown \n Fox»

Printing Newline Using $

We can also use the “$” sign with the echo command to specify the newline character. This method is a bit more complex than the previous one. The explanation is best done with an example.

Run the following command:

• The given string isn’t inside double quotations.
• Before each newline character “\n”, we’re using the “$” sign.
• Each newline character “\n” is provided inside single quote.

Printing Newlines with Multiple Echo Statements

In this approach, we’re basically going to run multiple echo commands instead of one. By default, echo prints the given string and adds a newline character at the end. By running multiple echo statements at once, we’re taking advantage of that.

Let’s have a look at the following example.

• We’re running 4 echo commands.
• Each command is separated by a semicolon (;). It’s the default delimiter in Bash.

Printing Newline with Printf

Similar to echo, the printf command also takes a string and prints it on the console screen. It can be used as an alternative to the echo command.

Have a look at the following example.

As you can see, printf processes backslash characters by default, no need to add any additional flags. However, it doesn’t add an additional newline character at the end of the output, so we have to manually add one.

Final Thoughts

In this guide, we’ve successfully demonstrated how to print newlines in Bash. The newline character is denoted as “\n”. Using both the echo and printf commands, we can print strings with new lines in them. We can also cheat (well, technically) by running the same tool multiple times to get the desired result.

For more in-depth info about echo and printf, refer to their respective man pages.

Interested in Bash programming? Bash is a powerful scripting language that can perform wonders. Check out our Bash programming section. New to Bash programming? Get started with this simple and comprehensive guide on Bash scripting tutorials for beginners.

About the author

Sidratul Muntaha

Student of CSE. I love Linux and playing with tech and gadgets. I use both Ubuntu and Linux Mint.

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