Linux suse командная строка

Terminal

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A terminal is a text-only user interface. It offers low-level access to the machine, and can be an extremely helpful and powerful tool.

• Make deep and substantial changes to the system
• Gather additional messages from programs
• Speed up repetitive tasks by running scripts
• Use machines not supporting a Graphical user interface

The principal disadvantage of the terminal is that it is difficult (but not impossible!) to learn. It can be accessed either through a virtual terminal, or through a graphical program called a terminal emulator.

Contents

Terminal Emulators

Shells

When using a terminal, you enter commands to a shell. There are various flavors of shells ranging from very basic ones to more complex ones. The main difference is the amount of built-in functionality. One of the most widely used shells is bash, which is the default in openSUSE.

Other well-known shells include Korn Shell (ksh), zsh, C Shell (csh), tcsh and Bourne Shell (sh).

About Shell Prompts

When a shell is invoked, a prompt is the first thing displayed on every line. A user prompt looks something like this:

A user shell prompt usually ends with a $

A root shell prompt always ends with a # .

Help Utilities

The primary command-line help utility is man. To find a command by keyword:

To read a man page on a specific command:

info is another documentation utility. Some programs might be listed in an info page.

Built-in Commands (bash)

These are built-in commands of the shell. Note that these commands may differ slightly in shells other than bash.

alias	Create an alias	break	Exit from a loop	builtin	Run a shell builtin
case	Conditionally perform a command	cd	Change Directory	clear	Clear terminal screen
command	Run a command — ignoring shell functions	continue	Resume the next iteration of a loop	declare	Declare variables and give them attributes
dirs	Display list of remembered directories	echo	Display message on screen	enable	Enable and disable builtin shell commands
env	Environment variables	eval	Evaluate several commands/arguments	exit	Exit the shell
exec	Execute a command	export	Set an environment variable	false	Do nothing, unsuccessfully
for	Expand words, and execute commands	function	Define Function Macros	getopts	Parse positional parameters
hash	Remember the full pathname of a name argument	history	Command History	if	Conditionally perform a command
let	Perform arithmetic on shell variables	local	Create variables	logout	Exit a login shell
pushd	Save and then change the current directory	readonly	Mark variables/functions as readonly	read	read a line from standard input
return	Exit a shell function	select	Accept keyboard input	set	Manipulate shell variables and functions
shift	Shift positional parameters	shopt	Shell Options	source	Run commands from a file `.’
times	User and system times	trap	Run a command when a signal is set(bourne)	true	Do nothing, successfully
type	Describe a command	umask	Users file creation mask	umount	Unmount a device
unalias	Remove an alias	unset	Remove variable or function names	until	Execute commands (until error)
while	Execute commands

Common terminal applications

These applications are quite common and can be found in most Linux distributions. Most of them are included in the default (base) install of the distribution.

A

apropos

Search Help manual pages (man -k)

awk

Find and Replace text, database sort/validate/index (preferably use perl instead)

B

bzip2

Compress or decompress named file(s)

C

cal/gcal	Display a calendar	cat	Display the contents of a file	cfdisk	Partition table manipulator for Linux
chgrp	Change group ownership	chmod	Change access permissions	chown	Change file owner and group
chroot	Run a command with a different root directory	cksum	Print CRC checksum and byte counts	cmp	Compare two files
comm	Compare two sorted files line by line	cp	Copy one or more files to another location	cron	Daemon to execute scheduled commands
crontab	Schedule a command to run at a later time	csplit	Split a file into context-determined pieces	cut	Divide a file into several parts

D

date	Display or change the date & time	dc	Desk Calculator	dd	Data Dump — Convert and copy a file
df	Display free disk space	diff	Display the differences between two files	diff3	Show differences among three files
dig	DNS lookup	dir	Briefly list directory contents	dircolors	Colour setup for `ls’
dirname	Convert a full pathname to just a path	du	Estimate file space usage

E

egrep	Search file(s) for lines that match an extended expression	eject	Eject removable media	ethtool	Ethernet card settings	expand	Convert tabs to spaces
expr	Evaluate expressions

F

fdformat	Low-level format a floppy disk	fdisk	Partition table manipulator for Linux	fgrep	Search file(s) for lines that match a fixed string
file	Determine file type	find	Search for files that meet a desired criteria	fmt	Reformat paragraph text
fold	Wrap text to fit a specified width	format	Format disks or tapes
free	Display memory usage	fsck	File system consistency check and repair	ftp	File Transfer Protocol

G

gawk	Find and Replace text within file(s)	grep	Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern	groups	Print group names a user is in
gzip	Compress or decompress named file(s)

H

head

Output the first part of file(s)

hostname

Print or set system name

I

id	Print user and group id’s	ip	Configure a network interface	import	Capture an X server screen and save the image to file
install	Copy files and set attributes

J

join	Join lines on a common field

K

kill	Stop a process from running

L

less	Display output one screen at a time	ln	Make links between files	locate	Find files
logname	Print current login name	look	Display lines beginning with a given string	lpc	Line printer control program
lpr	Off line print	lprint	Print a file	lprintd	Abort a print job
lprintq	List the print queue	lprm	Remove jobs from the print queue	ls	List information about file(s)
lsof	List open files

M

make	Recompile a group of programs	man	Help manual	mkdir	Create new folder(s)
mkfifo	Make FIFOs (named pipes)	mkisofs	Create an hybrid ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS filesystem	mknod	Make block or character special files
more	Display output one screen at a time	mount	Mount a file system	mtools	Manipulate MS-DOS files
mv	Move or rename files or directories

N

netstat	Networking information	nice	Set the priority of a command or job	nl	Number lines and write files
nohup	Run a command immune to hangups (setsid is preferred)	nslookup	Query Internet name servers interactively

P

passwd	Modify a user password	paste	Merge lines of files	pathchk	Check file name portability
ping	Test a network connection	popd	Restore the previous value of the current directory	pr	Prepare files for printing
printcap	Printer capability database	printenv	Print environment variables	printf	Format and print data
ps	Process status	pwd	Print Working Directory

Q

quota

Display disk usage and limits

quotacheck

Scan a file system for disk usage

quotactl

Set disk quotas

R

ram	ram disk device	rcp	Copy files between two machines	remsync	Synchronize remote files via email
rm	Remove files	rmdir	Remove folder(s)	rsync	Remote file copy (Synchronize file trees)

S

screen	Terminal window manager	scp	Secure copy (remote file copy)	sdiff	Merge two files interactively
sed	Stream Editor (preferably use perl instead)	seq	Print numeric sequences	sftp	Secure File Transfer Program
shutdown	Shutdown or restart linux	sleep	Delay for a specified time	sort	Sort text files
split	Split a file into fixed-size pieces	ssh	Secure Shell client (remote login program)	strace	Trace system calls and signals
su	Substitute user identity	sum	Print a checksum for a file	symlink	Make a new name for a file
sync	Synchronize data on disk with memory

T

tail	Output the last part of files	tar	Tape ARchiver	tee	Redirect output to multiple files
test	Evaluate a conditional expression	time	Measure Program running time	touch	Change file timestamps
top	List processes running on the system	traceroute	Trace Route to Host	tr	Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
tsort	Topological sort	tty	Print filename of terminal on stdin

U

ulimit	Limit user resources	uname	Print system information	unexpand	Convert spaces to tabs
uniq	Uniquify files	units	Convert units from one scale to another	unshar	Unpack shell archive scripts
useradd	Create new user account	usermod	Modify user account	users	List users currently logged in
uuencode	Encode a binary file	uudecode	Decode a file created by uuencode

V

v

Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b’)

vdir

Verbosely list directory contents (`ls -l -b’)

vi

Text Editor

W

watch	Execute/display a program periodically	wc	Print byte, word, and line counts	whereis	Report all known instances of a command
which	Locate a program file in the user’s path	who	Print all usernames currently logged in	whoami	Print the current user id and name (`id -un’)
Wget	Retrieve web pages or files via HTTP, HTTPS or FTP

X

xargs

Execute utility, passing constructed argument list(s)

Y

yes	Print a string until interrupted

.period Run commands from a file

As you can see, the list is quite extensive, however many of these commands may never be needed. The ls command is among the most used commands, and is one of the simplest.

Conclusion

By default in openSUSE, the terminal will start the bash shell. Use of commands are vital in circumstances when an installed desktop has limited capabilities or is not available.

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Linux suse командная строка

Практически любую задачу в современных дистрибутивах GNU/Linux, таких как openSUSE, можно выполнить в графической среде, но чтобы стать по-настоящему самодостаточным пользователем и в полной мере воспользоваться преимуществами операционной системы GNU/Linux, надо знать хотя бы основы работы в терминале — это не сложно!

Есть тысячи выполняемых команд, каждая из которых имеет ряд опций. Поэтому в настоящей главе приведено самое базовое описание наиболее распространённых команд.

Konsole находится в разделе «Система» меню запуска.

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Использовать командную строку легко. Просто введите команду и, при необходимости, одну или несколько опций и один или несколько аргументов, затем нажмите клавишу Enter. Пример:

Команда ls обеспечивает вывод списка файлов, опция -l означает вывод списка в подробном формате, а аргумент /home/[имяпользователя]/ задаёт директорию, содержимое которой будет показано.

Клавиша табуляции очень полезна: по возможности она обеспечивает автозавершение команд и аргументов, что поможет работать быстрее и избегать опечаток.

Вставить из буфера обмена.

Прекратить выполняемую операцию.

Вот очень небольшая подборка команд, дающая представление о том, как всё это работает.

Команды, выделенные красным цветом, должны выполняться от суперпользователя.

Почти все команды сопровождаются страницей руководства с описанием использования команды и доступных опций. Например введите:

Чтобы закрыть страницу руководства, нажмите ‘Q’
ещё раз
Если у команды нет страницы руководства, попробуйте вместо этого —help, например:

Затем введите пароль суперпользователя. То что печатается, не будет видно на экране. Так и задумано.

Для прекращения работы в качестве суперпользователя и возвращения в режим обычного пользователя введите exit.

Пуск, останов, перезапуск или получение статуса системных сервисов (start|stop|restart|status). Примеры:

Команда hwinfo позволяет получить информацию о практически любом оборудовании, вот несколько примеров:

Редактирования файлов конфигурации или иных текстовых файлов можно выполнять в редакторе vim, который устанавливается по умолчанию.

Чтобы открыть файл: vim /путь/к/файлу. Пример:

В данном примере нужны права суперпользователя, так как yast2 — файл конфигурации системы. Это обычно не требуется для редактирования файлов с помощью vim.

Нажмите i для входа в режим вставки (внизу появится «— INSERT —»). Теперь можно редактировать текст в файле. Завершив редактирование, нажмите клавишу Esc для выхода из режима вставки и возврата в командный режим. Теперь введите 😡 — это команда для выхода и сохранения. Для выхода без сохранения изменений введите :q!.

Vim — довольно сложный редактор. Возможно, стоит установить редактор попроще, такой как nano.

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