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The newline Guide to Bash Scripting

Welcome: Introduction

Introduction:

Start Here

Module 0: Introduction

Lesson 1:

About this book

Lesson 2:

Community and Code Downloads

Lesson 3:

Organization of this book

Lesson 4:

Conventions used in this book

Lesson 5:

Development environment

Lesson 6:

Acknowledgements

Lesson 7:

About the author

Module 1: Self–Help

Lesson 1:

Find Bash Keyword, Function, and Builtin Command Documentation

Lesson 2:

How to Use man bash and help to Learn About Bash Commands

Lesson 3:

How to Find Information About Bash File Commands With —help

Lesson 4:

The Best References for Bash Commands

Lesson 5:

How to Find Package Specific Bash Documentation

Lesson 6:

How to Read a Synopsis and Understand Bash Documentation

Lesson 7:

How to Use apropos to Find Bash Commands (with examples)

Module 2: Running Scripts

Lesson 1:

How to Run a Bash Script Explicitly as an Argument in Terminal

Lesson 2:

How to Run a Bash Script With a Shebang Line and the Script Path

Lesson 3:

The Simplest Way to Run a Bash Script with $PATH

Module 3: Editing Commands and Scripts

Lesson 1:

How to Use Bash Readline to Edit Commands and Scripts

Lesson 2:

How to Edit Bash Scripts in Nano and Vim

Module 4: Copying and Pasting

Lesson 1:

Copying and Pasting

Lesson 2:

How to Select Text in Linux Terminal With a Mouse

Lesson 3:

How to Copy and Paste in Linux Terminal With Keyboard Shortcuts

Lesson 4:

How to Copy and Paste Text With the xclip Bash Command

Lesson 5:

How to Copy Formatted Text as HTML From Linux Terminal

Lesson 6:

How to Paste Text in Linux Terminal Safely

Module 5: Listing Files

Lesson 1:

Listing Files

Lesson 2:

Using Linux ls Command to List Files and grep to Search for Files

Lesson 3:

How to Glob, Find Pattern Matching Files, and Run Commands

Module 6: Text

Lesson 1:

Text

Lesson 2:

How to Convert Windows Newlines For Bash With dos2unix

Lesson 3:

How to Convert Text to UTF-8 And Other Encodings in Bash Scripts

Module 7: Math

Lesson 1:

Math

Lesson 2:

How to Perform Arithmetic Expansion in Bash

Lesson 3:

How to Evaluate and Calculate Arithmetic Expressions in Bash

Lesson 4:

Best Practices for Using Variables in Bash Arithmetic

Lesson 5:

How to Write Conditional Expressions in Bash

Lesson 6:

Convert Bases in Bash to Work With Octals and Hexadecimals

Lesson 7:

How to Perform Floating Point Math With Bash bc

Module 8: Time

Lesson 1:

Time

Lesson 2:

Format Datetimes, Timestamps, and Time Zones in Bash

Lesson 3:

How to Time How Long a Bash Command Takes to Run

Lesson 4:

How to Kill Bash Commands With timeout

Module 9: Output

Lesson 1:

Output

Lesson 2:

How to Use the Bash Echo Command to Print Text in Terminal

Lesson 3:

printf vs echo — Printing Formatted Text With Newlines in Bash

Lesson 4:

Using the logger Command to Log Bash Output

Module 10: JSON

Lesson 1:

JSON

Lesson 2:

How to Use jq Command to Filter JSON in Bash

Lesson 3:

Creating

Module 11: XML

Lesson 1:

XML

Lesson 2:

Extracting an XML Value in Bash With xml_grep

Lesson 3:

Formatting and Transforming XML with XSLT

Lesson 4:

How to Create XML Files in Bash With xsltproc

Lesson 5:

Auto-Formatting

Module 12: Images

Lesson 1:

Images

Lesson 2:

How to Take Screenshots in Ubuntu Linux With Shortcuts and Bash

Lesson 3:

Resize, Convert, and Crop Pictures With ImageMagick mogrify

Lesson 4:

How to Create a Video From Images With ffmpeg

Lesson 5:

How to Create Graphs From Terminal With Graphviz

Lesson 6:

How to Remove and Edit Metadata From Photos With exif

Module 13: Archiving and Compression

Lesson 1:

Archiving and Compression

Lesson 2:

Beginner’s Guide to tar Commands to Compress and Extract Files

Lesson 3:

Plain gzip

Lesson 4:

Zip

Lesson 5:

Other formats

Module 14: SSH

Lesson 1:

SSH

Lesson 2:

How to Connect to an SSH Host Interactively

Lesson 3:

How to Create and Store SSH Keys in Bash

Lesson 4:

How to Execute Bash Scripts on Remote Server Non-Interactively

Lesson 5:

How to Access an SSH Server Behind a Jump Server

Lesson 6:

How to Exit SSH and Close a Hung Connection

Module 15: From the Terminal to Production

Lesson 1:

From the Terminal to Production

Lesson 2:

The Portable Shebang Line to Run Bash Scripts Anywhere

Lesson 3:

How to Write Readable man Documentation For Your Bash Scripts

Lesson 4:

How to Build a Fail-Fast, Safe Bash Scripts

Lesson 5:

How to Check Shell Version From a Bash Script

Lesson 6:

How to Parse Bash Command Line Arguments

Lesson 7:

How to Include Files in Bash Command Line Arguments

Lesson 8:

How to Restrict Variable and Function Scope in Bash Scripts

Module 16: Fail–Fast Settings

Lesson 1:

Fail–Fast Settings

Lesson 2:

How to Exit Bash Script on Error With errexit

Lesson 3:

How to Prevent a Bash Script From Overwriting Files With noclobber

Lesson 4:

Make Bash Treat Undefined Variables as Errors With nounset

Lesson 5:

How to Set Bash pipefail to Add Exit Codes to Scripts

Lesson 6:

How to Fail a Bash Glob if it Returns no Files With failglob

Module 17: Version Control

Lesson 1:

Version Control

Lesson 2:

How to Start Using and Configure Git in Bash Terminal

Lesson 3:

How to Use Git in Bash Terminal to Push, Pull, and Commit Code

Lesson 4:

Git gud

Module 18: Quality Assurance

Lesson 1:

Quality Assurance

Lesson 2:

The Beginner’s Guide to Bash Linter

Lesson 3:

How to Test Bash Scripts

Module 19: Signals

Lesson 1:

An Intro to Bash Signals: SIGINT, SIGKILL, SIGQUIT, and SIGTERM

Lesson 2:

How to Send Signals From Bash

Lesson 3:

How to Handle Signals and Errors in Bash Scripts

Module 20: Autocompletion

Lesson 1:

Autocompletion

Lesson 2:

How to Install Bash Autocompletions

Lesson 3:

How to Write an Autocompletion for a Bash Script

Module 21: Summary and Changelog

Lesson 1:

Summary

Lesson 2:

Changelog

How to Select Text in Linux Terminal With a Mouse

Mouse #

Most Linux applications including terminals support quick copying and pasting using a mouse. Simply click and drag over some text with the left button, and as soon as you lift your finger the selection will be copied into what is called the “primary selection,” where it stays until you select something else. You can then middle–click to paste the selection in basically any application.

Left–clicking and dragging as above selects one character at a time. You can also select a word or line by double- or triple–clicking, respectively, and select multiples by holding down the mouse button after the last click and dragging.

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How to use Tmux mouse mode?

Tmux is an open-source terminal multiplexer application for efficiently managing multiple terminal windows. People who have previously used the Terminator application are mostly familiar with the notion of tab management in Linux Terminal. With Tmux, we can split the terminal into several panes. We can adjust these panes by moving around, resizing and switching between them. This helps in curbing the pain of managing multiple windows and tabs of the Gnome terminal.

In general, when you close an SSH connection, the corresponding remote terminal sessions are also closed. Here comes the Tmux for help as it preserves those sessions when the SSH connection is terminated.

After installing Tmux, you will not find any icon associated with it. It will not appear as a separate application; instead, we will have to invoke it from the Gnome Terminal itself. We will later see how to do this.

Note: In this ‘HowTo’ we have used the ‘Ctrl+b’ as the prefix; if you configured some other prefix, then replace the command with yours’ prefix.

What will we cover?

This guide will explore how we can install Tmux and, more specifically, “How to use Tmux mouse mode”. We will use Ubuntu 20.04 as the base system for this guide. Let us first start with installing Tmux.

Prerequisites

1. Tmux should be installed on your system.

2. Internet connectivity and user account with ‘sudo’ privileges.

Installing Tmux on Ubuntu 20.04

Major operating systems like Linux, MacOS and Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) provide Tmux software packages from their official repository. So to install Tmux on Ubuntu 20.04, we can simply use the package manager or Software center as described below:

1. To install Tmux using package manager, simply run the command:

2. To install Tmux using the software center, open the software center, search for Tmux and click install.

Launching Tmux

Once the Tmux is installed, we will have to use the Gnome terminal to invoke it. One may encounter the following error when trying to run the ‘tmux’ command:

To overcome this error, type “export TERM=xterm” on the terminal and hit enter. Now again, run the ‘tmux’ command, and this time the error should not appear.

Another way is to use the ‘XTERM’ terminal and launch the Tmux from here. This worked on our Ubuntu 20.04 system.

How to Use Tmux

We can use three ways to send commands to a Tmux terminal:

Using the Prefix keys: Tmux uses a combination of keys called prefix key, which is by default ‘CTRL+b’. This prefix is followed by one or two more keys which Tmux will interpret for a particular operation. For example, we can detach from a session using [Prefix+d].

Using the command mode: To send the commands directly to the Tmux terminal, we need to enter the command mode by pressing the prefix keys followed by a colon (:). A command prompt will open up at the bottom of the terminal, where we can enter the Tmux commands.

Using the command line: Tmux commands can also be used from the non-Tmux terminal or shell prompt. These commands are preceded by the ‘tmux’ keyword. We have illustrated this method in the below section.

Using Mouse Mode For Tmux >= 2.1

When we start using Tmux (of course, as a novice), we feel how nice it would be to scroll or select Tmux windows with a mouse. Surely, we can do that in Tmux by customizing the tmux.conf file. This is where Tmux mouse mode comes into play. Let see the mouse mode in action:

Enabling the mouse mode

We need to first enable the mouse mode. Open the tmux.conf file and put the following line inside it:

Now reload the ‘tmux.conf’ file:

Note: Every time we make changes to tmux.conf file, source, or reload the tmux.conf file to make the changes work.

After reloading the tmux.conf file, we can control the pane selection, pane resizing and window selection operation with the Mouse itself.

Using Tmux Mouse Mode For Tmux < 2.1

set -g mouse-select-window on

If you want to make yourself comfortable with the keybindings of Tmux operations, we suggest you disable the mouse options by simply setting the above option to ‘off’ or directly disabling the mouse mode by:

In this way, we can also avoid doing wrong things while selecting Tmux’s windows/panes with a mouse.

Mouse action in Tmux

We can also select a word and a line in Tmux. E.g. to select a word, hold the right button and double click the left button. Similarly, hold the right button and triple click the left button to select a line. You can now also use the arrow keys to select multiple lines.

Conclusion

In this guide, we have learned about the installation of Tmux, its basics and more specifically, “How to use Tmux mouse mode”. Although we can use Tmux mouse mode, it is generally a good practice to use Keyboard. This is because as the number of applications increases, it becomes very distractive to use a mouse for switching between panes and windows running different applications. A more detailed explanation of various Tmux operations can be found on the Tmux Man pages or on the Github page of Tmux.

About the author

Ali Imran Nagori

Ali imran is a technical writer and Linux enthusiast who loves to write about Linux system administration and related technologies. You can connect with him on LinkedIn
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