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Create users and groups on Oracle Linux
The following tutorial provides step-by-step procedures to perform user and group administration on Oracle Linux. You will create users and groups, implement user private groups, and grant user elevated privileges. This tutorial is targeted at Oracle Linux 8 users, but the commands are also available on other Oracle Linux releases.
Objectives
- Create a new user and explore user’s home directory
- Create a new group and add user to group
- Utilize the user private group scheme and implement write access to a directory
- Administer the sudo command for granting root privileges
What Do You Need?
Note: When using the free lab environment, see Oracle Linux Lab Basics for connection and other usage instructions.
Administer User Accounts
In this section, you use command-line utilities to create a new user account, view files that are updated when adding a new user, modify a user account, set a password for the new user, and log in as the new user.
- Open a terminal and connect to your Oracle Linux 8 instance.
- Become the root user.
The output shows:
- The new user’s UID and GID are the same ( 1001 ).
- A home directory was created for the new user ( /home/alice ).
- The default shell for the new user is /bin/bash .
In this example, the opc user already existed.
A home directory was created for the new user because the CREATE_HOME parameter in /etc/login.defs is set to yes .
View the CREATE_HOME parameter in the /etc/login.defs file.
grep CREATE_HOME /etc/login.defs 
View the default settings for a new user, stored in /etc/default/useradd .
The SKEL parameter is set to /etc/skel .
View the contents of the /etc/skel directory.
View the contents of the alice home directory.
The contents of SKEL ( /etc/skel ) are copied to the new user’s home directory.
View the new alice entry in the /etc/group file.
Because Oracle Linux 8 uses a user private group (UPG) scheme, a new private group (alice, GID=1001) was created when the alice user was created.
Modify GECOS information for the alice user. View the alice entry in the /etc/passwd file before and after modifying GECOS information.
grep alice /etc/passwd usermod -c "Alice Smith" alice grep alice /etc/passwd 
Create a password of AB*gh246 for the alice user. View the alice entry in the /etc/shadow file before and after creating a password for alice.
grep alice /etc/shadow passwd alice grep alice /etc/shadow 
The !! for alice is replaced with a hashed password value.
Exit the root login and login as the alice user. Provide the password of AB*gh246 when prompted.
Verify you are the alice user and your current directory is the alice user’s home directory.
Exit the alice user’s shell and become the root user.
As the root user, add a user named oracle which is used later in this lab.
Administer Group Accounts
In this section, you create a new group account and add a user to this new group.
The GID ( 1003 ) for the new group is incremented by one.
Add the alice user to the staff group. View the staff group entry in the /etc/group file.
usermod -aG 1003 alice grep staff /etc/group 
The alice user has a secondary group membership in the staff group.
View the primary group membership for alice.
The alice user’s primary group is still 1001 .
Implement User Private Groups
In this section, you use the User Private Groups scheme to give different users write access to files in a single directory.
- As the root user, create the /staff directory.
Change group ownership for the /staff directory to the staff group. The -R option (recursive) sets the group for files and directories within /staff . View the /staff directory and its permissions after changing the group ownership.
chgrp -R staff /staff ls -ld /staff 
The owner of the /staff directory is still root, but the group is now staff.
Set the setgid bit on /staff directory. Then view the permissions on the /staff directory.
chmod -R 2775 /staff ls -ld /staff 
The group permissions on the /staff directory have changed.
Add the oracle user to the staff group. View the staff entry in the /etc/group file after adding the oracle user.
usermod -aG staff oracle grep staff /etc/group 
Both alice and oracle users have secondary group membership in the staff group.
Become the oracle user. You are not prompted for the oracle user’s password because you currently are the root user. Verify you are the oracle user and your current directory is the oracle user’s home directory.
Display group membership for the oracle user.
The oracle user belongs to two groups — oracle and staff.
Change to the /staff directory. Create a new file in the /staff directory named oracle_file . Display the permissions and ownership of the new file.
cd /staff touch oracle_file ls -l oracle_file 
The permissions are read/write for the staff group.
Become the alice user. Provide the password of AB*gh246 when prompted. Verify you are the alice user.
Display group membership for the alice user.
The alice user belongs to two groups — alice and staff.
Change to the /staff directory. Create a new file in the /staff directory named alice_file . Display the permissions and ownership of the new files.
cd /staff touch alice_file ls -l 
The permissions are read/write on both files for the staff group.
As the alice user, use the touch command to update the time stamp on the oracle_file . View the files to verify the time has changed.
Updating the time stamp implies write permissions on the file as the alice user, even though the file was created by the oracle user.
Exit both the alice user’s shell, and the oracle user’s shell, to return to the root user’s shell. Verify that you are the root user.
Option 1: Grant Elevated Privileges to a User
In this section, you grant sudo privileges to a user by adding an entry to the /etc/sudoers file.
- Become the alice user. You are not prompted for alice password because you currently are the root user. Verify you are the alice user.
As the alice user, attempt to add newuser.
The alice user does not have permission to add newuser.
Insert the sudo command before the previous useradd command to add newuser. Provide the password of AB*gh246 when prompted.
The attempt to issue this administrator command without proper authorization is reported in the /var/log/secure file.
Exit the alice user’s shell to return to the root user’s shell. View sudoers entries in the /var/log/secure file.
exit grep sudoers /var/log/secure 
The alice : user NOT in sudoers entry for the attempted use of the /sbin/useradd command is in the /var/log/secure file. Multiple entries are shown in the example. You might only have a single entry.
As the root user, edit the /etc/sudoers file by using the visudo command.
The new entry is highlighted. Save your changes and exit the visudo command.
Become the alice user. Attempt to add newuser without the sudo command. Insert the sudo command and attempt to add newuser a second time. Provide the password of AB*gh246 when prompted.
su - alice useradd newuser sudo useradd newuser 
Verify newuser was added.
grep newuser /etc/passwd ls -l /home 
The newuser now exists. With the alice entry in the /etc/sudoers file, the alice user has sudo privileges to run the /sbin/useradd command.
Exit the alice shell to return to the root shell. Use the visudo command and delete the alice entry from the /etc/sudoers file that you added earlier in this lab.
The entry to delete is highlighted. Delete the entire line, or as in this example, insert the # character to comment out the line. Save your changes and exit the visudo command.
Verify the alice user can no longer add a new user. Become the alice user. Attempt to add anotheruser with the sudo command.
su - alice sudo useradd anotheruser 
The attempt to issue this administrator command without proper authorization is reported in the /var/log/secure file.
Exit the alice user’s shell to return to the root user’s shell.
Option 2: Grant Elevated Privileges to a User
In this section, you grant sudo privileges by adding a user to the wheel group.
- As the root user, view the wheel entry in the /etc/sudoers file.
The %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL entry in the /etc/sudoers file allows any member of the wheel group to execute any command, when preceded by sudo .
Add the alice user to the wheel group. Confirm the alice user is in the wheel group.
usermod -aG wheel alice grep wheel /etc/group 
User alice has a secondary group membership in the wheel group.
Become the alice user. You are not prompted for alice password because you currently are the root user. Verify you are the alice user.
As the alice user, add thirduser using the sudo useradd command. Provide the password of AB*gh246 if prompted.
Verify thirduser was added. The ls command fails until you insert sudo and provide alice password. This confirms the alice user has sudo privileges.
grep thirduser /etc/passwd ls -la /home/thirduser sudo ls -la /home/thirduser 
More Learning Resources
Explore other labs on docs.oracle.com/learn or access more free learning content on the Oracle Learning YouTube channel. Additionally, visit education.oracle.com/learning-explorer to become an Oracle Learning Explorer.
For product documentation, visit Oracle Help Center.
Create users and groups on Oracle Linux
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