Linux with latest kernel

Обновления Linux: ядро, дистрибутивы и рабочие окружения

На этой странице мы будем регулярно обновлять данные о последних версиях ядер Linux, изменениях и улучшениях, внесенных в каждую новую версию.

Статья также будет содержать информацию о новых версиях дистрибутивов Linux, таких как Ubuntu, Debian, MX Linux, Linux Mint, Fedora, EndeavourOS, Manjaro и других, а также новых версий рабочих окружений GNOME, KDE, Xfce, Mate, Cinnamon и других. Пользователю будут представлены ссылки на загрузку ISO-образов дистрибутивов и на установочные файлы приложений, драйверов, рабочих окружений и ядра Linux.

Цель статьи – информировать пользователей о последних новостях в Linux и помочь им быть в курсе всех последних обновлений и релизов. Рекомендуется постоянно мониторить статью, чтобы оставаться в курсе всех изменений в Linux за последнюю неделю.

Обновления Linux за 10 – 17 июля 2023 года

Крайне мало интересных событий из мира Linux произошло на прошедшей неделе. Однако, несколько из них были долгожданными.

Возрождение почтового клиента Thunderbird

Будучи популярным почтовым клиентом с открытым исходным кодом, редизайн Thunderbird 115 был долгожданным. Некоторые из наиболее заметных изменений новой версии включают в себя:

• Обновленная панель инструментов
• Переработанный внешний вид папки «Входящие»
• Редизайн календаря
• Улучшенное меню
• Thunderbird теперь может открывать внешние файлы .eml на вкладке
• Возможность загрузки открытых ключей OpenPGP на серверы ключей VKS и HKP Поддержка OAuth2 для Fastmail
• Автоматический перенос учетных записей Office 365 с аутентификацией по паролю на OAuth2
• Карточки адресной книги теперь поддерживают ссылки на факсы и телефонные номера.

Linux Mint 21.2: Новые функции и улучшения в последнем релизе

Linux Mint 21.2 – новая версия дистрибутива Linux, основанного на Ubuntu 22.04 LTS и известного своей средой рабочего стола Cinnamon и другими улучшениями.

Linux Mint 21.2 примечателен следующими изменениями:

• Linux Mint 21.2 основан на Ubuntu 22.04 и ядре Linux 5.15.
• Внесены улучшения в Cinnamon 5.8, Xfce 4.18 и менеджер программного обеспечения.
• Улучшения включают поддержку жестов, уведомления и всплывающие подсказки.
• Улучшен экран входа в систему, добавлены стили для настройки внешнего вида.
• Значки папок и выбор цвета стали более гибкими.
• Другие незначительные изменения включают навигацию по клавиатуре и безопасность.
• Обновленные приложения, такие как Blueman и Pix.
• ISO-версии доступны на официальном сайте Linux Mint 21.2.

Если вы пропустили, то на прошлой неделе мы ознакомились с инструкцией по переходу с использования Snap-приложений на Flatpak-приложения в дистрибутивах, основанных на Ubuntu.

Обновление дистрибутивов и приложений

Список новых версий дистрибутивов выпущенных на прошлой неделе (ссылки на загрузку iso-образов):

• Linux Mint 21.2 Cinnamon
• Linux Mint 21.2 Xfce
• Linux Mint 21.2 MATE
• KDE neon 20230714
• EasyOS 5.4.7
• Pisi Linux 2.3.3 KDE Plasma
• Tails 5.15.1
• IPFire 2.27 Core Update 176
• MakuluLinux 2023-07-11
• KaOS 2023.07
• Void Linux 20230628 Xfce

Приложения, драйверы, рабочие окружения и ядра Linux, выпущенные на прошлой неделе (ссылки на установочные файлы):

• ImageMagick 7.1.1-13 (GCC)
• ImageMagick 7.1.1-13 (Clang)
• nftables 1.0.8
• VueScan 9.8.12
• Calibre 6.23
• Rust 1.71.0
• PipeWire 0.3.74
• Wireshark 4.0.7
• Mozilla Thunderbird 115.0
• Mozilla Firefox 115.0.2
• Linux kernel 6.4.3
• Linux kernel 6.3.13
• OpenLDAP 2.6.5

Предстоящие релизы

Дистрибутив / окружение	Beta	Заморозка функций	Final
MX Linux 23	Июль, 2023 года
Linux Lite 6.6	1 сентября, 2023 года
GNOME 45	20 сентября, 2023 года
Ubuntu 23.10 Mantic Minotaur (Daily Builds)	21 сентября, 2023	17 августа, 2023	12 октября, 2023

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Active kernel releases

There are several main categories into which kernel releases may fall:

Prepatch Prepatch or «RC» kernels are mainline kernel pre-releases that are mostly aimed at other kernel developers and Linux enthusiasts. They must be compiled from source and usually contain new features that must be tested before they can be put into a stable release. Prepatch kernels are maintained and released by Linus Torvalds. Mainline Mainline tree is maintained by Linus Torvalds. It’s the tree where all new features are introduced and where all the exciting new development happens. New mainline kernels are released every 9-10 weeks. Stable After each mainline kernel is released, it is considered «stable.» Any bug fixes for a stable kernel are backported from the mainline tree and applied by a designated stable kernel maintainer. There are usually only a few bugfix kernel releases until next mainline kernel becomes available — unless it is designated a «longterm maintenance kernel.» Stable kernel updates are released on as-needed basis, usually once a week. Longterm There are usually several «longterm maintenance» kernel releases provided for the purposes of backporting bugfixes for older kernel trees. Only important bugfixes are applied to such kernels and they don’t usually see very frequent releases, especially for older trees.

Longterm release kernels

Version	Maintainer	Released	Projected EOL
6.1	Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin	2022-12-11	Dec, 2026
5.15	Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin	2021-10-31	Oct, 2026
5.10	Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin	2020-12-13	Dec, 2026
5.4	Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin	2019-11-24	Dec, 2025
4.19	Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin	2018-10-22	Dec, 2024
4.14	Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin	2017-11-12	Jan, 2024

Distribution kernels

Many Linux distributions provide their own «longterm maintenance» kernels that may or may not be based on those maintained by kernel developers. These kernel releases are not hosted at kernel.org and kernel developers can provide no support for them.

It is easy to tell if you are running a distribution kernel. Unless you downloaded, compiled and installed your own version of kernel from kernel.org, you are running a distribution kernel. To find out the version of your kernel, run uname -r :

# uname -r 5.6.19-300.fc32.x86_64

If you see anything at all after the dash, you are running a distribution kernel. Please use the support channels offered by your distribution vendor to obtain kernel support.

Releases FAQ

Here are some questions we routinely receive about kernel release versions. See also the main «FAQ» section for some other topics.

When is the next mainline kernel version going to be released?

Linux kernel follows a simple release cadence:

• after each mainline release, there is a 2-week «merge window» period during which new major features are introduced into the kernel
• after the merge window closes, there is a 7-week bugfix and stabilization period with weekly «release candidate» snapshots
• rc7 is usually the last release candidate, though occasionally there may be additional rc8+ releases if that is deemed necessary

So, to find the approximate date of the next mainline kernel release, take the date of the previous mainline release and add 9-10 weeks.

What is the next longterm release going to be?

Longterm kernels are picked based on various factors — major new features, popular commercial distribution needs, device manufacturer demand, maintainer workload and availability, etc. You can roughly estimate when the new longterm version will become available based on how much time has elapsed since the last longterm version was chosen.

Why are some longterm versions supported longer than others?

The «projected EOL» dates are not set in stone. Each new longterm kernel usually starts with only a 2-year projected EOL that can be extended further if there is enough interest from the industry at large to help support it for a longer period of time.

Does the major version number (4.x vs 5.x) mean anything?

No. The major version number is incremented when the number after the dot starts looking «too big.» There is literally no other reason.

Does the odd-even number still mean anything?

A long time ago Linux used a system where odd numbers after the first dot indicated pre-release, development kernels (e.g. 2.1, 2.3, 2.5). This scheme was abandoned after the release of kernel 2.6 and these days pre-release kernels are indicated with «-rc».

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Ubuntu kernels from Canonical

At the core of the Ubuntu operating system is the Linux kernel, which manages and controls the hardware resources like I/O (networking, storage, graphics and various user interface devices, etc.), memory and CPU for your device or computer. It is one of the first software programs a booting device loads and runs on the central processing unit (CPU). The Linux kernel manages the system’s hardware environment so other programs like the operating system’s user space programs and application software programs can run well without modification on a variety of different platforms and without needing to know very much about that underlying system.

Identifying a kernel

The easiest way to determine the kernel you’re running is to type cat /proc/version_signature on the terminal. For example:

Ubuntu 5.4.0-12.15-generic 5.4.8

This output provides important information about the kernel:

• Canonical adds » Ubuntu «
• Ubuntu kernel-release = 5.4.0-12.15-generic
  • kernel version is 5.4 , which is identical to upstream stable kernel version
  • .0 is an obsolete parameter left over from older upstream kernel version naming practices
  • -12 application binary interface (ABI) bump for this kernel
  • .15 upload number for this kernel
  • -generic is kernel flavour parameter, where -generic is the default Ubuntu kernel flavour

  Kernel and OS releases

  Canonical provides long-term support (LTS) kernels for Ubuntu LTS releases. Canonical also provides interim operating system releases with updated kernels every 6 months.

  For customers and business partners that don’t have specialised bleeding-edge workloads or latest hardware needs, the latest LTS release «-generic» kernel is the best option for them such as the 4.15 default kernel in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS. Customers who need the latest hardware support capability can install the latest HWE kernel such as the ones contained in interim releases, keeping in mind the shorter support lifespan associated with these kernels (9 months). HWE kernel customers are recommended to upgrade to a newer LTS release that supports their hardware and/or software needs as soon as it is available. Another option for customers is to use point releases. For example, there is an 18.04.4 point release as of February 2020, which includes an updated 5.3.x kernel but is also considered LTS, exactly like the original GA 4.15 kernel in 18.04.

  Kernel security

  The Canonical Kernel Team’s primary focus is the careful maintenance of kernels and their variants for regular delivery via the Ubuntu SRU process and the Canonical livepatch service. This includes rigorous management of all Linux kernel Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) lists (with a focus on patching all high and critical CVEs) review and application of all relevant patches for all critical and serious kernel defects in the mailing lists and then rigorously testing newly updated kernels end-to-end each SRU cycle.

  General Availability (GA) and variant Ubuntu kernels

  The complete functionality of any given kernel is determined by the included modules and the kernel configuration for both hardware and the expected workloads that are run on it.

  Kernel modules are binary programs that extend a kernel’s ability to control the computing system’s hardware or add additional system capabilities like high-performance networking or non-standard graphics, etc. The GA kernel that is shipped by default, with the Canonical Ubuntu Long Term Support (LTS) and Hardware Enablement (HWE) releases, are tuned for stable, reliable, secure, high-performance operation over a wide variety of hardware platforms and workloads.

  A kernel variant is a kernel that deviates from the generic GA kernel by changes to its configuration, and/or by having modules added and/or removed.

  Optimised kernels

  Canonical advocates for customers to use the GA kernel shipped with Ubuntu as the best and most cost-effective option in their business environment. We also offer the option for customers to customize their own Ubuntu kernels. Several of our enterprise, Telco and cloud provider customers have systems and workload needs, which justify both the time investment to optimise their kernels and the pay to develop and maintain those optimised kernels over time.

  © 2023 Canonical Ltd. Ubuntu and Canonical are registered trademarks of Canonical Ltd.

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