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🛠 Linux programming examples in C.
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README.md
Linux programming examples in C
- Use sbrk() to observe the process heap size ( program break ).
- Memory alignment please refer to Sven-Hendrik Haase — Alignment in C .
- Relation between real user ID(real uid, or ruid), the effective user ID (effective uid, or euid), and the saved user ID (saved uid, or suid).
- Privileged process can use setuid() to change three IDs to any value.
- Unprivileged process can use setuid() to change euid to the same value as ruid or suid.
- Please refer to paper Setuid Demystified for more details.
- Conversions between time() , gmtime() , localtime() , asctime() , ctime() and mktime().
- Process Time is divide to User CPU time (the time of the program access CPU) and System CPU Time (the time of kernel system call, page faults..).
- The read() and “write()` system calls don’t directly initiate disk access. Instead, they simply copy data between a user-space buffer and a buffer in the kernel buffer cache.
- Use inotify_init() and inotify_add_watch() to monitor files or directories.
- If signal number is equal to 0, means the kill() will only check if the process can be signaled.
- If the same signal is generated multiple times while it is blocked, then it is recorded in the set of pending signals, and later delivered, just once.
- The fork() allow one process, the parent, to create a child process. The child obtains the copies of stack, data, heap and text segments.
- File descriptors is also share between parent and child (use dup() ).
- The vfork() will not copy the parent process’s memory space until exec() or exit()`.
- Orphan process is parent process ended and child process keep running. The child process will adopt by INIT (pid==1) process.
- Zombie process is child exit before parent perform wait* operation. The Zombie process release almost all the resources but remains an entry in the kernel’s process table recording the child’s process ID.
- The zombies can NOT be killed by a signal, the only way to remove them from the system is to kill their parent.
# Kill the parent process of zombies. kill $(ps -A -o stat,ppid | awk '/[zZ]/') | Code | Descriptions |
|---|---|
| process_child.c | Create a child process. |
| process_vfork.c | How vfork() is different from fork(). |
| process_sig.c | Send signal from child to parent. |
| process_exit_handler.c | Demonstrate the «atexit()» and «on_exit()». |
| process_wait.c | Wait children. |
| process_zombie.c | Create a Zombie process. |
- The simplest way to avoid d eadlocks is to define a mutex hierarchy. When threads can lock the same set of mutexes, they should always lock them in the same order.
- Thread-specific data is a technique for making an existing function thread-safe without changing its interface.
- Clear handlers will be called when the thread is canceled by pthread_cancel() .
Group process and control:
- A process group is a collection of related processes.
- A session is a collection of related process groups.
- Four types of Private File Mapping , Share File Mapping , Private Anonymous Mapping and Shared Anonymous Mapping .
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🛠 Linux programming examples in C.