We now have wifi

В 100 раз быстрее Wi-Fi: принят стандарт Li-Fi

Институт инженеров по электротехнике и радиоэлектронике (IEEE) принял 802.11bb в качестве стандарта беспроводной связи на основе света. Новый стандарт получил название Li-Fi.

Авторы подчёркивают преимущества использования света, а не радиочастот. Li-Fi обеспечивает «более быструю и надёжную беспроводную связь с беспрецедентной безопасностью по сравнению с обычными технологиями, такими как Wi-Fi и 5G».

Сообщается, что Li-Fi не вытеснит Wi-Fi и 5G или проводные сети. Радиоволны по-прежнему имеют явное преимущество в отношении передачи через атмосферу на большие расстояния и через непрозрачные объекты. Однако новая технология может использоваться внутри помещений, обеспечивая высочайшую скорость и минимальную задержку.

В видеоролике показано, что систему Li-Fi можно встраивать в систему освещения зданий для передачи данных. Для передачи данных используется часть инфракрасного спектра, так что люди не будут видеть каких-либо мерцаний или чего-то в этом роде.

Скорость Li-Fi достигает 224 ГБ/с. Доминик Шульц из Fraunhofer отмечает, что, поскольку Li-Fi работает в эксклюзивном оптическом спектре, это обеспечивает более высокую надёжность и более низкую задержку.

«Распространение света в пределах прямой видимости повышает безопасность, предотвращая проникновение через стены, снижая риск помех и прослушивания, а также обеспечивая навигацию внутри помещений с точностью до сантиметра», — говорит Доминик Шульц.

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Finding and setting up wifi in FreeBSD 12.0

I have a Lenovo Ideapad 100S 14» IBR-14» Intel Celeron CPU N3060 @ 1.60GHz, 32GB SSD, 4GB RAM, but I am both at a loss what wifi I have there, as there are several different generations, and how to find which driver I have to use in FreeBSD. How to go about it?

1 Answer 1

To find what kernel wifi the driver to use, do:

$sysctl net.wlan.devices net.wlan.devices: iwm0 

So we know now we have to use iwm0.

You can also find the corresponding hardware doing:

$ pciconf -lv iwm0 iwm0@pci0:2:0:0: card=0x82708086 chip=0x08b48086 rev=0x93 hdr=0x00 vendor = 'Intel Corporation' device = 'Wireless 3160' >So now we know it is a model with an Intel Wireless AC, and the iwm0 ; which are very good news, as this model was sold to me as capable of doing bgn, and not 802.11n AC.

While in the past the Intel 3160AC driver had to be compiled, nowadays, it is already supported by the default kernel.

Now to set it up, we will load the module, the firmware and the supported wifi authentication protocols in /etc/rc.conf :

legal.intel.license_ack=1 if_iwm_load="YES" iwm3160fw_load="YES" wlan_wep_load="YES" wlan_ccmp_load="YES" wlan_tkip_load="YES" 

Also in /etc/rc.conf , will define the wpa_supplicant , DHCP client, activate the interface and define the country as PT for it to transmit in a stronger frequency more appropriate for my country:

wpa_supplicant_enable="YES" synchronous_dhclient="YES" wlans_iwm0="wlan0" create_args_wlan0="country PT" 

Now search for wpa_config and install it:

#pkg search wpa_config wpa_gui-2.6 Qt-based frontend for wpa_supplicant wpa_supplicant-2.6 Supplicant (client) for WPA/802.1x protocols #pkg install wpa_gui wpa_supplicant 

Edit now /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf :

ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant network=

Upon restarting, you can see the lines, or later with dmesg .

iwm0: hw rev 0x160, fw ver 17.352738.0, address f4:06:69:xx:xx:xx wlan0: Ethernet address: f4:06:69:xx:xx:xx iwm0: iwm_update_edca: called iwm0: iwm_update_edca: called wlan0: link state changed to UP 

We have now wifi connectivity, IP address and Internet connectivity.

$ ifconfig wlan0 wlan0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500 ether f4:06:69:xx:xx:xx inet 192.168.1.9 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 nd6 options=29 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/54Mbps mode 11g status: associated ssid xxxx channel 13 (2472 MHz 11g) bssid 30:b5:c2:xx:xx:xx regdomain ETSI country PT authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF AES-CCM 2:128-bit AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 30 bmiss 10 scanvalid 60 protmode CTS wme roaming MANUAL groups: wlan 

Finally for configuring it graphically, you can use wpa_gui ; if using Lumina you can also install pcbsd-utils to have the wifi icon on the tray.

To list for the available SSIDs in the command line do:

#ifconfig wlan0 list scan SSID/MESH ID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS MEO-1608CD c4:ea:1d:16:08:cd 1 54M -87:-96 100 EP RSN HTCAP WPS WPA WME MEO-WiFi c6:ea:1d:16:08:ce 1 54M -89:-96 100 ES HTCAP WME Vodafone-11. 9c:97:26:11:ad:10 1 54M -70:-96 100 EP RSN HTCAP WPS WPA WME NOS-14F0 f0:f2:49:99:14:f8 12 54M -88:-96 100 EPS WPS HTCAP WPA RSN WME BSSLOAD NOS_WIFI_Fon bc:4d:fb:53:65:d9 12 54M -88:-96 100 ES HTCAP WME BSSLOAD xxxx 30:b5:c2:xx:xx:xx 13 54M -44:-96 100 EPS RSN HTCAP WME xxxxx 30:b5:c2:xx:xx:xx 36 54M -50:-96 100 EP RSN HTCAP VHTCAP VHTOPMODE WME MEO-A8E087-5G e2:b9:e5:a8:e0:87 60 54M -78:-96 100 EP RSN HTCAP VHTCAP VHTOPMODE VHTPWRENV WPS WPA WME oLi oNe 2c:9d:1e:d3:22:c0 124 54M -75:-96 98 EP RSN BSSLOAD HTCAP VHTCAP VHTOPMODE VHTPWRENV WPS WPA WME 

Further reading: FreeBSD Handbok 30.3. Wireless Networking

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What Does WiFi Actually Stand For? A Brief History…

Most people use WiFi every single day. Whether at home, at work, or in your local coffee shop, WiFi networks are used by billions of people every single day. But most people have NO IDEA what WiFi actually stands for. And if they do think they know, they’re usually wrong.

The history of how the name WiFi came to be is actually a rather interesting one. The most interesting aspect about the genesis of the term WiFi is that, contrary to popular opinion, it DOES NOT mean “wireless fidelity” – although plenty of bonafide geeks will argue it does.

So if WiFi doesn’t mean “wireless fidelity” what does it mean? Let’s investigate this further and get to the bottom of the history and meaning of the word WiFi one and for all…

What Does WiFi Stand For?

Most people assume that WiFi stands for “wireless fidelity” but this isn’t actually the case. The word WiFi itself doesn’t actually mean anything. Why? Simple: there is no such thing as “wireless fidelity”. The phrase WiFi was actually coined by marketing people to refer to the technology that powers wireless networks, IEEE 802.11.

Now, IEEE 802.11 doesn’t exactly roll off the tongue. And it certainly wouldn’t look very nice on big, sprawling marketing campaigns in Times Square and inside glossy, magazine adverts. And this posed a problem. In order to market wireless networks back in the day, the marketing people needed a term that was shorter, sexier, and easy to remember.

Fidelity means – in most cases – loyalty or continued support. Prior to the release of WiFi, internet networks weren’t known for their reliability. WiFi wanted to change this and the marketing people wanted to connote a meaning of trust into the branding of it, so the term Wireless Fidelity was suggested. People liked it, responded well to it in tests, so the name stuck.

But in order to make it look and sound more technical, the term was abbreviated down to WiFi. And the name stuck. But wireless fidelity itself isn’t a thing, it is just a more palatable way of saying IEEE 802.11. And when it comes to marketing, palatable – especially when you’re pushing a new technology – is the name of the game.

What Came Before WiFi?

If you’re old enough to remember a world without WiFi, you’ll know exactly what came before wireless internet. It was called dial-up internet and it worked in much the same way as the internet does now, only with dial-up internet you were stuck at a single terminal – dial-up required a direct connection from the router to your PC.

Dial-up internet worked through your phone line and, for the most part, was painfully slow. How slow? Put it this way: opening an image on dial-up could take as long as five minutes, depending on its size, whereas now images are loaded instantly. Back in the mid to late-90s, though, this was how the internet worked. There was no Google and download speeds were appalling.

Oh, and if someone was using the internet in your home, you couldn’t use the house phone. This fact alone made dial-up internet one of the biggest causes of arguments between parents and teenagers during the years 1995 to 2000. As someone that personally lived through this, I can only tell you that it was problematic.

During the early-2000s, broadband and WiFi began to become more popular, gradually replacing dial-up internet. The jump in speeds from dial-up internet to broadband was significant. In fact, this single change probably generated trillions of dollars alone for the global economies – it made entire economies run faster.

Dial-Up vs Broadband Speeds – What’s The Difference?

Dial-up internet speeds were limited, but not just with respect to its overall speed. Most dial-up routers could only handle internet speeds of 56K, thanks to the nature of telephone systems. But if the internet was to succeed, things had to change. And this is where broadband came into the mix.

With broadband, the internet was delivered in a completely different way – although it still used phone lines. You could browse the internet AND use your house phone. And this new form of internet allowed ISPs to start improving internet speeds by as much as 1000% inside a few short years.

And then, of course, came mobile data for phones, starting with 1G and then progressing to where we are now with the rise of 5G which, inside the next few years, could begin topping previously unheard of speeds, making 4K gaming on the go as easy as streaming a movie at home.

Broadband and dial-up Internet connections differ in a number of ways. While both employ telephone lines, broadband doesn’t share a line with a telephone. Users aren’t deprived of the use of their telephone while using the Internet and there’s no payment to the phone company for the amount of time spent on an Internet connection. In fact, with a broadband connection, the Internet connection is constant – once installed, the connection is never broken, so that all a user needs to do is open a browser window; no time is lost establishing a connection.

ETJ

Faster Internet is Better Internet

What’s the moral of the story here? It’s pretty simple: faster internet, whether you’re talking about it at home or on your phone, is better internet. Speed has always been at the heart of the internet, getting more of it, and the applications and uses that are born from it. Without fast download speeds, we wouldn’t have Netflix streaming or things like YouTube.

And fast internet for your home has never been cheaper either. You can now access ultra-fast broadband for a fraction of the cost that it used to be, unlocking speeds of 1Gbps in some areas. And if you have 1Gbps internet, you’ll never need to worry about speed again.

Internet Slang: A Glossary

WFH	EOBD
KPOP	FOMO
LFWFPB	WDYM
LFG	NFT
HYD	IG
HBU	WiFi
iOS	FUD
TBA	HODL
ASL	XMAS
IYKYK	Yeet
XOXO	NSFW
SMH	IIRC

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