PCI Devices in Linux
A PCI device is any piece of computer hardware that plugs directly into a PCI slot on a computer’s motherboard. PCI, which stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect, was introduced to personal computers by the Intel Corporation in 1993. The technology to operate PCI is integrated into the motherboard of nearly every personal computer manufactured since 1995. A PCI connection on a motherboard can be identified as a long strip of raised copper connectors encased in plastic. This long strip of connectors is usually called a bus. The PCI bus is not as fast as the system bus. Its primary purpose is to facilitate communication of hardware devices of all types such as audio, video, network or graphics with the microprocessor.
Command to list down all PCI devices in linux system.
The lspci command is used to display detailed information about all PCI buses and devices in the server or desktop or laptop powered by Linux operating system. 
lspci –tv command will list down all the PCI as tree structure because of –t and due to -v shows the device vendors and names. 
lspci -k shows the kernel driver that is being used to handle the respective PCI device 
lspci -m is used If you want to pass the output of the lspci command to a shell script, you may want to use -m option (or -mm option) as shown below.
This option is also helpful when you want to view the subsystem information. 
lspci -n If you want to display the PCI vendor code, and the device code only as the numbers, use -n option. This will not lookup the PCI file to get the corresponding values for the numbers. 
Here In the system I have 10 PCI powered by the Linux operating system.
- Host Bridge — The «Host Bridge» is what connects the tree of PCI busses (which are internally connected with PCI-to-PCI Bridges) to the rest of the system.
- ISA Bridge – ISA Stands for Industry Standard Architecture. PCI to ISA bridge is the most common method of interfacing ISA devices to modern chipsets. In most respects, these devices perform like a standard PCI device.
- IDE interface — Integrated Drive Electronics is for connection of storages devices such as Hard Disk Drives (HDD), Solid State Drives (SSD) and CD/DVD drives to the computer.
- VGA compatible controller — VGA stands for Video Graphics Array. VGA Controller is the digital circuit designed to drive VGA displays.
- Ethernet controller — Ethernet controller allows you to make a wired connection to a computer network. This provides access to the network programs and resources, including a high-speed Internet connection.
- System peripheral — It is any external device that provides input and output for the computer. For example, a keyboard and mouse
- Multimedia audio controller — Multimedia audio controller drivers allow your operating system to communicate with the sound hardware such as your speakers, headphones, etc. Thus, if there is a problem with these drivers, your connected audio devices won’t work properly.
- USB controller — USB controller is an interface that allows an enabled piece of hardware to interact and communicate with a particular piece of software.
- Bridge — Bridge is a device that connects a PCI bus to either another PCI bus or a bus of a different standard
- SATA controller — SATA controller is a hardware interface that connects a hard drive to a computer’s motherboard and manages or directs the flow of data
What is PCI in Linux?
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), as its name implies is a standard that describes how to connect the peripheral components of a system together in a structured and controlled way. This chapter looks at how the Linux kernel initializes the system’s PCI buses and devices.
How do I create a PCI driver?
1.1. Structure of PCI drivers
- Enable the device.
- Request MMIO/IOP resources.
- Set the DMA mask size (for both coherent and streaming DMA)
- Allocate and initialize shared control data (pci_allocate_coherent())
- Access device configuration space (if needed)
- Register IRQ handler ( request_irq() )
How does a PCI device work?
PCI is Transaction/Burst oriented PCI is a 32-bits bus, and so has 32 lines to transmit data. At the beginning of a transaction, the bus is used to specify a 32-bits address. Once the address is specified, many data cycles can go through. The address is not re-transmitted but is auto-incremented at each data cycle.
What is a PCI address?
PCI Configuration Base Address Registers The PCI configuration space consists of up to six 32-bit base address registers for each device. These registers provide both size and data type information. System firmware assigns base addresses in the PCI address domain to these registers.
How do I fix PCI error?
Go to Hardware Tab and click on Device Manager. Under “Other Devices”, right- click on “PCI Simple Communications Controller” and select Properties. Click on Driver Tab. Click on Update Driver and follow the instructions.
Do I need PCI drivers?
The way a computer works as a system involves a mix of both hardware devices and software. One example of this mix is a PCI hardware device, which like every other hardware connected to a Windows computer, needs a software driver to function – without this driver, the device will not function.
How to implement PCI in Linux kernel?
The Linux kernel PCI implementation can be found in the kernel source tree drivers/pci directory. For the driver developers kernel provides a header file include/linux/pci.h. Here you can find all the required structures and functions. The main PCI driver structure is struct pci_dev.
How does Linux identify a PCI device?
Additionally, every PCI device contains a factory-programmed Vendor and Device IDs. These IDs are also unique and assigned by the PCI regulatory consortium. Using these IDs, the Linux kernel can properly identify a device and load the proper driver. Of course, every driver should have ID verification routines.
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What is the PCI driver entry point in Linux?
PCI driver entry point is struct pci_driver. This structure should be initialized (set callbacks) by the driver developer and passed to the kernel. The structure field “id_table” should be initialized with IDs array. Those IDs define compatible Vendor and Product IDs for devices.