What is ssh port forwarding in linux

How to Create SSH Tunneling or Port Forwarding in Linux

SSH tunneling (also referred to as SSH port forwarding) is simply routing the local network traffic through SSH to remote hosts. This implies that all your connections are secured using encryption. It provides an easy way of setting up a basic VPN (Virtual Private Network), useful for connecting to private networks over unsecure public networks like the Internet.

You may also be used to expose local servers behind NATs and firewalls to the Internet over secure tunnels, as implemented in ngrok.

SSH sessions permit tunneling network connections by default and there are three types of SSH port forwarding: local, remote and dynamic port forwarding.

In this article, we will demonstrate how to quickly and easily set up SSH tunneling or the different types of port forwarding in Linux.

Testing Environment:

For the purpose of this article, we are using the following setup:

1. Local Host: 192.168.43.31
2. Remote Host: Linode CentOS 7 VPS with hostname server1.example.com.

Usually, you can securely connect to a remote server using SSH as follows. In this example, I have configured passwordless SSH login between my local and remote hosts, so it has not asked for user admin’s password.

Local SSH Port Forwarding

This type of port forwarding lets you connect from your local computer to a remote server. Assuming you are behind a restrictive firewall or blocked by an outgoing firewall from accessing an application running on port 3000 on your remote server.

You can forward a local port (e.g 8080) which you can then use to access the application locally as follows. The -L flag defines the port forwarded to the remote host and remote port.

$ ssh [email protected] -L 8080:server1.example.com:3000

Adding the -N flag means do not execute a remote command, you will not get a shell in this case.

$ ssh -N [email protected] -L 8080:server1.example.com:3000

The -f switch instructs ssh to run in the background.

$ ssh -f -N [email protected] -L 8080:server1.example.com:3000

Now, on your local machine, open a browser, instead of accessing the remote application using the address server1.example.com:3000, you can simply use localhost:8080 or 192.168.43.31:8080 , as shown in the screenshot below.

Remote SSH Port Forwarding

Remote port forwarding allows you to connect from your remote machine to the local computer. By default, SSH does not permit remote port forwarding. You can enable this using the GatewayPorts directive in your SSHD main configuration file /etc/ssh/sshd_config on the remote host.

Open the file for editing using your favorite command-line editor.

$ sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config

Look for the required directive, uncomment it, and set its value to yes , as shown in the screenshot.

Save the changes and exit. Next, you need to restart sshd to apply the recent change you made.

$ sudo systemctl restart sshd OR $ sudo service sshd restart

Next run the following command to forward port 5000 on the remote machine to port 3000 on the local machine.

Once you understand this method of tunneling, you can easily and securely expose a local development server, especially behind NATs and firewalls to the Internet over secure tunnels. Tunnels such as Ngrok, pagekite, localtunnel, and many others work in a similar way.

Dynamic SSH Port Forwarding

This is the third type of port forwarding. Unlike local and remote port forwarding which allows communication with a single port, it makes possible, a full range of TCP communications across a range of ports. Dynamic port forwarding sets up your machine as a SOCKS proxy server that listens on port 1080, by default.

For starters, SOCKS is an Internet protocol that defines how a client can connect to a server via a proxy server (SSH in this case). You can enable dynamic port forwarding using the -D option.

The following command will start a SOCKS proxy on port 1080 allowing you to connect to the remote host.

From now on, you can make applications on your machine use this SSH proxy server by editing their settings and configuring them to use it, to connect to your remote server. Note that the SOCKS proxy will stop working after you close your SSH session.

Summary

In this article, we explained the various types of port forwarding from one machine to another, for tunneling traffic through the secure SSH connection. This is one of the very many uses of SSH. You can add your voice to this guide via the feedback form below.

Attention: SSH port forwarding has some considerable disadvantages, it can be abused: it can be used to bypass network monitoring and traffic filtering programs (or firewalls). Attackers can use it for malicious activities. In our next article, we will show how to disable SSH local port forwarding. Stay connected!

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SSH Tunneling: Examples, Command, Server Config

SSH port forwarding is a mechanism in SSH for tunneling application ports from the client machine to the server machine, or vice versa. It can be used for adding encryption to legacy applications, going through firewalls, and some system administrators and IT professionals use it for opening backdoors into the internal network from their home machines. It can also be abused by hackers and malware to open access from the Internet to the internal network. See the SSH tunneling page for a broader overview.

Local Forwarding

Local forwarding is used to forward a port from the client machine to the server machine. Basically, the SSH client listens for connections on a configured port, and when it receives a connection, it tunnels the connection to an SSH server . The server connects to a configurated destination port, possibly on a different machine than the SSH server.

Typical uses for local port forwarding include:

• Tunneling sessions and file transfers through jump servers
• Connecting to a service on an internal network from the outside
• Connecting to a remote file share over the Internet

Quite a few organizations for all incoming SSH access through a single jump server . The server may be a standard Linux/Unix box, usually with some extra hardening, intrusion detection, and/or logging, or it may be a commercial jump server solution.

Many jump servers allow incoming port forwarding, once the connection has been authenticated. Such port forwarding is convenient, because it allows tech-savvy users to use internal resources quite transparently. For example, they may forward a port on their local machine to the corporate intranet web server, to an internal mail server’s IMAP port, to a local file server’s 445 and 139 ports, to a printer, to a version control repository, or to almost any other system on the internal network. Frequently, the port is tunneled to an SSH port on an internal machine.

In OpenSSH , local port forwarding is configured using the -L option:

 ssh -L 80:intra.example.com:80 gw.example.com

This example opens a connection to the gw.example.com jump server, and forwards any connection to port 80 on the local machine to port 80 on intra.example.com .

By default, anyone (even on different machines) can connect to the specified port on the SSH client machine. However, this can be restricted to programs on the same host by supplying a bind address:

 ssh -L 127.0.0.1:80:intra.example.com:80 gw.example.com

The LocalForward option in the OpenSSH client configuration file can be used to configure forwarding without having to specify it on command line.

Remote Forwarding

In OpenSSH, remote SSH port forwardings are specified using the -R option. For example:

 ssh -R 8080:localhost:80 public.example.com

This allows anyone on the remote server to connect to TCP port 8080 on the remote server. The connection will then be tunneled back to the client host, and the client then makes a TCP connection to port 80 on localhost . Any other host name or IP address could be used instead of localhost to specify the host to connect to.

This particular example would be useful for giving someone on the outside access to an internal web server. Or exposing an internal web application to the public Internet. This could be done by an employee working from home, or by an attacker.

By default, OpenSSH only allows connecting to remote forwarded ports from the server host. However, the GatewayPorts option in the server configuration file sshd_config can be used to control this. The following alternatives are possible:

This prevents connecting to forwarded ports from outside the server computer.

This allows anyone to connect to the forwarded ports. If the server is on the public Internet, anyone on the Internet can connect to the port.

 GatewayPorts clientspecified

This means that the client can specify an IP address from which connections to the port are allowed. The syntax for this is:

 ssh -R 52.194.1.73:8080:localhost:80 host147.aws.example.com

In this example, only connections from the IP address 52.194.1.73 to port 8080 are allowed.

OpenSSH also allows the forwarded remote port to specified as 0. In this case, the server will dynamically allocate a port and report it to the client. When used with the -O forward option, the client will print the allocated port number to standard output.

Opening Backdoors into the Enterprise

Remote SSH port forwarding is commonly used by employees to open backdoors into the enterprise. For example, the employee may set get a free-tier server from Amazon AWS , and log in from the office to that server, specifying remote forwarding from a port on the server to some server or application on the internal enterprise network. Multiple remote forwards may be specified to open access to more than one application.

The employee would also set GatewayPorts yes on the server (most employees do not have fixed IP addresses at home, so they cannot restrict the IP address).

For example, the following command opens access to an internal Postgres database at port 5432 and an internal SSH port at port 2222.

 ssh -R 2222:d76767.nyc.example.com:22 -R 5432:postgres3.nyc.example.com:5432 aws4.mydomain.net

Server-Side Configuration

The AllowTcpForwarding option in the OpenSSH server configuration file must be enabled on the server to allow port forwarding. By default, forwarding is allowed. Possible values for this option are yes or all to allow all TCP forwarding, no to prevent all TCP forwarding, local to allow local forwardings, and remote to allow remote forwardings.

Another option of interest is AllowStreamLocalForwarding , which can be used to forward Unix domain sockets. It allows the same values as AllowTcpForwarding . The default is yes .

 AllowTcpForwarding remote AllowStreamLocalForwarding no

The GatewayPorts configuration option as described above also affects remote port forwardings. Possible values were no (only local connections from server host allowed; default), yes (anyone on the Internet can connect to remote forwarded ports), and clientspecified (client can specify an IP address that can connect, anyone can if not specified).

How to Prevent SSH Port Forwarding from Circumventing Firewalls

We recommend that port forwarding be expressly disabled when not needed. Leaving port forwarding enabled can expose the organization to security risks and backdoors. For example, if a server intended to only provide SFTP file transfers allows port forwardings, those forwardings might be used to gain unintended access into the internal network from the Intranet.

The problem is that port forwarding can in practice only be prevented by a server or firewall. An enterprise cannot control all servers on the Internet. Firewall-based control can also be tricky, as most organizations have servers in Amazon AWS and other cloud services, and those servers are usually accessed using SSH.

SSH’s solution

SSH’s Tectia SSH Client/Server is a commercial solution that can provide secure application tunneling along with SFTP and secure remote access for enterprises.

Further Information

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