What is text mode in linux

What is text mode in Linux?

Booting in console mode (text mode / tty) allows you to login to your system from the command line (as a regular user or as the root user if it’s enabled), without using a graphical user interface.

What is the name of Linux terminal?

The Linux command line is a text interface to your computer. Often referred to as the shell, terminal, console, prompt or various other names, it can give the appearance of being complex and confusing to use.

What is commandline?

The command line is a blank line and cursor on the screen, allowing the user to type in instructions for immediate execution. All major operating systems (Windows, Mac, Unix, Linux, etc.)

What is Linux YaST?

YaST (Yet another Setup Tool) is a Linux operating system setup and configuration tool. YaST is featured in the openSUSE Linux distribution, as well as in SUSE’s derived commercial distributions. It is also part of the defunct United Linux. YaST features tools that can configure many aspects of the system.

Which screen mode is only used for text?

Alternatively known as character mode or alphanumeric mode, text mode is a display mode divided into rows and columns of boxes showing only alphanumeric characters. 2. Text mode is a mode of a software program where only text is displayed.

How do I start Linux in text mode?

Press CTRL + ALT + F1 or any other function (F) key up to F7 , which takes you back to your “GUI” terminal. These should drop you into a text-mode terminal for each different function key. Basically hold down SHIFT as you boot up to get the Grub menu.

What is chmod 744?

Chmod 744 (chmod a+rwx,g-wx,o-wx) sets permissions so that, (U)ser / owner can read, can write and can execute. 744 , which is a typical default permission, allows read, write, and execute permissions for the owner, and read permissions for the group and “world” users.

What does the dollar sign mean in command line?

The system shell prompt That dollar sign means: we’re in the system shell, i.e the program that you’re put into as soon as you open the Terminal app. The dollar sign is often the symbol used to signify where you can begin typing in commands (you should see a blinking cursor there).

What is a command line editor?

The command line is a text-based interface for navigating the computer, creating, reading, and deleting files, and running applications. When you open any of these tools, you’re placed at a “location” in the file system of your computer. From there, you can navigate around and open, create, or delete files and folders.

What is the purpose of YaST in openSUSE Linux?

YaST (yet another setup tool) is the configuration tool for the openSUSE Linux operating system (OS). YaST is a Ret Hat package manager-based OS setup. Administrators can install software, configure hardware and set up networks and servers.

How do I start YaST from command line?

To start YaST from the command line, enter the commands sux (for changing to the user root) and yast2. To start the text version of YaST enter yast instead of yast2. Also use the command yast to start the program from one of the virtual consoles.

What is the alternate name for text mode?

Text-based user interface. Teletext.

What is the difference between graphics mode and text mode?

Text mode is a personal computer display setting that divides the display screen into 25 rows and 80 columns in order to display text without images. Text mode contrasts with graphics mode, which features an array of pixels instead of text boxes. Text mode is also known as character mode or alphanumeric mode.

What does init 0 do in Linux?

Basically init 0 change the current run level to run level 0. shutdown -h can run by any user but init 0 can only run by superuser. Essentially the end result is the same but shutdown allows useful options which on a multiuser system creates less enemies 🙂 2 members found this post helpful.

What is the finger command in Linux?

Finger command in Linux with Examples. Finger command is a user information lookup command which gives details of all the users logged in. This tool is generally used by system administrators. It provides details like login name, user name, idle time, login time, and in some cases their email address even.

How do I list users in Linux?

In order to list users on Linux, you have to execute the “cat” command on the “/etc/passwd” file. When executing this command, you will be presented with the list of users currently available on your system. Alternatively, you can use the “less” or the “more” command in order to navigate within the username list.

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Linux console

The Linux console is a system console internal to the Linux kernel. The Linux console provides a way for the kernel and other processes to send text output to the user, and to receive text input from the user. The user typically enters text with a computer keyboard and reads the output text on a computer monitor. The Linux kernel supports virtual consoles — consoles that are logically separate, but which access the same physical keyboard and display.

This article describes the basics of the Linux console and how to configure the font display. Keyboard configuration is described in the /Keyboard configuration subpage.

Implementation

This article or section needs expansion.

Reason: In what ways is the Linux console limited compared to terminal emulators? (Discuss in Talk:Linux console)

The console, unlike most services that interact directly with users, is implemented in the kernel. This contrasts with terminal emulation software, such as Xterm, which is implemented in user space as a normal application. The console has always been part of released Linux kernels, but has undergone changes in its history, most notably the transition to using the framebuffer and support for Unicode.

Despite many improvements in the console, its full backward compatibility with legacy hardware means it is limited compared to a graphical terminal emulator.

Virtual consoles

The console is presented to the user as a series of virtual consoles. These give the impression that several independent terminals are running concurrently; each virtual console can be logged in with different users, run its own shell and have its own font settings. The virtual consoles each use a device /dev/ttyX , and you can switch between them by pressing Alt+Fx (where x is equal to the virtual console number, beginning with 1). The device /dev/console is automatically mapped to the active virtual console.

Text mode

Since Linux originally began as a kernel for PC hardware, the console was developed using standard IBM CGA/EGA/VGA graphics, which all PCs supported at the time. The graphics operated in VGA text mode, which provides a simple 80×25 character display with 16 colours. This legacy mode is similar to the capabilities of dedicated text terminals, such as the DEC VT100 series. It is still possible to boot in text mode (with vga=0 nomodeset ) if the system hardware supports it, but almost all modern distributions (including Arch Linux) use the framebuffer console instead.

Framebuffer console

As Linux was ported to other non-PC architectures, a better solution was required, since other architectures do not use VGA-compatible graphics adapters, and may not support text modes at all. The framebuffer console was implemented to provide a standard console across all platforms, and so presents the same VGA-style interface regardless of the underlying graphics hardware. As such, the Linux console is not a terminal emulator, but a terminal in its own right. It uses the terminal type linux , and is largely compatible with VT100.

Keyboard shortcuts

Keyboard Shortcut	Description
Ctrl+Alt+Del	Reboots the system (specified by the symlink /usr/lib/systemd/system/ctrl-alt-del.target )
Alt+F1 , F2 , F3 , .	Switch to n-th virtual console
Alt+Left	Switch to previous virtual console
Alt+Right	Switch to next virtual console
Scroll Lock	When Scroll Lock is activated, input/output is locked
Ctrl+c	Kills current task
Ctrl+d	Inserts an EOF
Ctrl+z	Pauses current Task

Fonts

Note: This section is about the Linux console. For alternative console solutions offering more features (full Unicode fonts, modern graphics adapters etc.), see KMSCON or similar projects.

The Linux console uses UTF-8 encoding by default, but because the standard VGA-compatible framebuffer is used, a console font is limited to either a standard 256, or 512 glyphs. If the font has more than 256 glyphs, the number of colours is reduced from 16 to 8. In order to assign correct symbol to be displayed to the given Unicode value, a special translation map, often called unimap, is needed. Nowadays, most of the console fonts have the unimap built-in; historically, it had to be loaded separately.

By default, the virtual console uses the kernel built-in font with a CP437 character set[1], but this can be easily changed. The kernel offers about 15 built in fonts to choose from, from which the officially supported kernels provide two: VGA 8×16 font ( CONFIG_FONT_8x16 ) and Terminus 16×32 font ( CONFIG_FONT_TER16x32 ). The kernel chooses the one to use based on its evaluation of the screen resolution. Another builtin font can be forced upon by kernel parameters boot parameter setting such as fbcon=font:TER16x32 .

The kbd package provides tools to override the kernel decision for virtual console font and font mapping. Available fonts are provided in the /usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/ directory; those ending with .psfu or .psfu.gz have a Unicode translation map built-in.

Keymaps, the connection between the key pressed and the character used by the computer, are found in the subdirectories of /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/ ; see /Keyboard configuration for details.

Note: Replacing the font can cause issues with programs that expect a standard VGA-style font, such as those using line drawing graphics.

Tip: For European based languages written in Latin/Greek letters, you can use the eurlatgr font. It includes a broad range of Latin/Greek letter variations as well as special characters [2].

Preview and temporary changes

shows a table of glyphs or letters of a font.

setfont temporarily change the font if passed a font name (in /usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/ ) such as

Font names are case-sensitive. With no parameter, setfont returns the console to the default font.

So to have a small 8×8 font, with that font installed like seen below, use e.g.:

$ setfont -h8 /usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/drdos8x8.psfu.gz

To have a bigger font, the Terminus font ( terminus-font ) is available in many sizes, such as ter-132b which is large.

Note: setfont only works on the console currently being used. Any other consoles, active or inactive, remain unaffected.

Persistent configuration

The FONT variable in /etc/vconsole.conf is used to set the font at boot, persistently for all consoles. See vconsole.conf(5) for details.

For displaying characters such as Č, ž, đ, š or Ł, ę, ą, ś using the font lat2-16.psfu.gz :

It means that second part of ISO/IEC 8859 characters are used with size 16. You can change font size using other values (e.g. lat2-08 ). For the regions determined by 8859 specification, look at the Wikipedia:ISO/IEC 8859#The parts of ISO/IEC 8859.

Since mkinitcpio v33, the font specified in /etc/vconsole.conf gets automatically loaded during early userspace by default via the consolefont hook, which adds the font to the initramfs. See Mkinitcpio#HOOKS for more information.

You may also need to restart systemd-vconsole-setup.service after changing /etc/vconsole.conf .

If the fonts appear to not change on boot, or change only temporarily, it is most likely that they got reset when graphics driver was initialized and console was switched to framebuffer. By default, all in-tree kernel drivers are loaded early, NVIDIA users should see NVIDIA#Early loading to load their graphics driver before /etc/vconsole.conf is applied.

HiDPI

Audible tones

See also

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